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Don Carlos, with a large army, had been at the gates; plunder and massacre had been expected; so that people were too much occupied in forming plans to secure their lives and property, to give much attention to reading of any description. The enemy, however, had now retired to his strongholds in Alava and Guipuscoa.

It is certain, however, that the Duchess declared it to be false." Certainly, as we read the epistles, and observe how profoundly the writer seems to have sounded the deep guile of the Spanish Cabinet, and how distinctly events, then far in the future, are indicated, we are tempted to exclaim: "aut Alava, aut Diabolus;" either the envoy wrote the despatch, or Orange.

His second in command was Admiral Collingwood, who succeeded him after his death. The French fleet was increased to thirty-three ships of the line and five frigates, the addition being the Spanish contingent under Admirals Gravina and Alava. The Spanish vessels joined Villeneuve from Cadiz about the middle of May.

Position of Orange The interview at Dendermonde The supposititious letters of Alava Views of Egmont Isolation of Orange Conduct of Egmont and of Horn Confederacy, of the nobles dissolved Weak behavior of prominent personages Watchfulness of Orange Convocation of States General demanded Pamphlet of Orange City of Valenciennes refuses a garrison Influence of La Grange and De Bray City, declared in a state of siege Invested by Noircarmes Movements to relieve the place Calvinists defeated at Lannoy and at Waterlots Elation of the government The siege pressed more closely Cruelties practised upon the country people Courage of the inhabitants Remonstrance to the Knights of the Fleece Conduct of Brederode Orange at Amsterdam New Oath demanded by Government Orange refuses He offers his resignation of all offices Meeting at Breda New "Request" of Brederode He creates disturbances and levies troops in Antwerp Conduct of Hoogstraaten Plans of Brederode Supposed connivance of Orange Alarm at Brussels Tholouse at Ostrawell Brederode in Holland De Beauvoir defeats Tholouse Excitement at Antwerp Determined conduct of Orange Three days' tumult at Antwerp suppressed by the wisdom and courage of Orange.

They had also some conversation concerning the dissatisfaction manifested by the Duchess at the proceedings of Count Horn at Tournay, and they read a very remarkable letter which had been furnished them, as having been written by the Spanish envoy in Paris, Don Francis of Alava, to Margaret of Parma. This letter was forged.

Alava replied that he thought, none the less, that the tax would encounter many obstacles, and begged him earnestly to reflect. He assured him, moreover, that he should, without reserve, express his opinions fully to the King. The Duke used the same language which Don Frederic had held, concerning the motives of those who opposed the tax.

The contemporary writers of Holland had no doubt of its genuineness, and what is more remarkable, Strada, the historiographer of the Farnese family, after quoting Margaret's denial of the authenticity of the letter, coolly observes: "Whether this were only an invention of the conspirators, or actually a despatch from Alava, I shall not decide.

En la villa de Valladolid á veinte é ocho dias del mes de setiembre de mill y quinientos y setenta y seis años, habiendo visto los Señores licenciado D. Francisco de Menchaca del Consejo de S.M., é dotor Guijano de Mercado, é licenciado Andrés de Álava Inquisidores, juntamente con los Señores licenciado Luis Tello Maldonado, D. Pedro de Castro, Francisco de Albornoz, oidores desta Real audiencia é chancillería, asistiendo á ello por ordinario del obispado de Salamanca el Señor doctor Frechilla catredático en esta universidad, por virtud del poder que para ello tiene del Señor obispo de Salamanca, que está en el secreto deste Sancto Oficio, el proceso criminal de fray Luis de Leon, de la órden de Sancto Agustin; los dichos Señores le votaron en la forma siguiente.

All who had met in Dendermonde were expected in the council of state in Brussels; but Egmont alone repaired thither. The regent wished to sift him on the subject of this conference, but she could extract nothing further from him than the production of the letter of Alava, of which he had purposely taken a copy, and which, with the bitterest reproofs, he laid before her.

Egmont, moreover; doubted the authenticity of the letters from Alava, but agreed to carry them to Brussels, and to lay them before the Regent. That lady, when she saw them, warmly assured the Count that they were inventions. The Conference broke up after it had lasted an hour and a half.