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Updated: May 18, 2025
The duke resumed: "A messenger, post haste from Goslar, brought me the news this morning at Zurich. Henry refused to meet the Pope in council to take measures for the purification of Milan, Firmano, and Spoleto, and has thus replied to the threat of excommunication.
In the year 579 Faroald, duke of Spoleto, fell upon Classis, and took it and spoiled it. This, however, was but an isolated effort, and though the Lombards held Classis, they achieved little else in Italy till after Authari was chosen king in 584.
In 540, after Ravenna had been occupied, Belisarius recalled, and Vitiges taken as a captive to Constantinople, the Romans held all Italy except the city of Pavia. In 544, when Belisarius returned, they held only Ravenna, Rome, Spoleto, and a few other strongholds such as Perugia and Piacenza. Nor was this all.
Their virtuous and loyal life within the boundaries of Alboin's conquests of which Paulus Diaconus says, that violence and treachery were unknown that no one oppressed, no one plundered that the traveller went where he would in perfect safety all this would be hid from the Pope by the plain fact, that they were continually enlarging their frontier toward Rome; that they had founded two half-independent Dukedoms of Beneventum and Spoleto, that Autharis had swept over South Italy, and ridden his horse into the sea at Reggio, to strike with his lance a column in the waves, and cry, 'Here ends the Lombard kingdom.
He receives many novices Instructs and models them Sends them to different provinces of Italy What he says on this occasion He departs for Tuscany, and passes by Perugia, where he makes a prediction which is accomplished Many young men enter his Order They build a house for him near Cortona His miraculous fast during Lent He commands the devils, and they obey him He cures many miraculously He preaches at Florence Makes a prediction Preaches in various places in Tuscany What his friars are doing in other places He preaches the Lent at Assisi, with great fruit He consecrates, to Jesus Christ, Clare, and, Agnes, her sister Establishes Clare and Agnes in the Church of S. Damian He erects a monastery there, the first one of his second Order, which he then instituted He is troubled by a serious doubt, on which he consults his brethren His doubt is cleared up by an oracle from heaven He goes out to preach Restores a blind girl to sight, and converts many worldly people He sighs for martyrdom Asks permission of the Pope to preach to the infidels Makes conversions at Rome, and establishes his Order there Returns to Assisi and leaves for the Levant Embarks, but is obliged to put into a harbor in Sclavonia Goes by sea to Ancona A miracle which God performs in his favor He converts a celebrated poet Returns to Tuscany, and to S. Mary of the Angels He falls sick Wonderfully humbles himself Tries a vocation Falls sick again and writes to all Christians Departs for Spain and Africa, in search of martyrdom His miracles and other particulars of his journey His profound humility He raises the dead Count Orlando gives him Mount Alverna God miraculously protects him He preaches in Piedmont and passes into Spain Works a miraculous cure there The king, Alphonso IX, permits him to establish his Order there He receives houses there A violent sickness prevents him going to Morocco His actions whilst he is delayed in Spain He returns to Italy His route thither He arrives at S. Mary of the Angels, and disapproves a building there He goes to Mount Alverna Is beaten by devils Mortifies his sense, and taste Makes water spring from a rock Visits the mountain Converts there a celebrated brigand Leaves for Rome Discovers some relics by revelation Makes predictions, and performs miracles and conversions Arrives at Rome whilst the Council of Lateran is sitting The Pope declares to the Council that he has approved the Rule He appoints a general chapter at S. Mary of the Angels, whither he returns He holds the chapter and sends his friars to various countries He thinks of going to Paris Reunites an illustrious family that had been divided Rejoices in his poverty and asks of God a greater love of holy poverty SS. Peter and Paul appear to him at Rome His alliance with S. Dominic He goes to Florence, where Cardinal Hugolin dissuades him from going to Paris He returns to the Valley of Spoleto, and sends three of his disciples to France A celestial vision induces him to ask of the Pope a cardinal protector for his Order What he says on this subject He preaches before the Pope What happened to him in the pulpit The Pope gives him Cardinal Hugolin, as protector of the Order He preaches in the Valley of Rieti Delivers the country from two plagues, and makes some conversions there The houses he builds there He appoints a general chapter at S. Mary of the Angels, for the year 1219 What he did during the year 1218 Efficacy of his prayers He wishes to pull down a new house which he found at S. Mary of the Angels
Gregory awakened the emperor from a long slumber; exposed the guilt or incapacity of the exarch and his inferior ministers; complained that the veterans were withdrawn from Rome for the defence of Spoleto; encouraged the Italians to guard their cities and altars; and condescended, in the crisis of danger, to name the tribunes, and to direct the operations, of the provincial troops.
A few other articles, treating of the spiritual power, and which had been abandoned at the request of Cardinal Fesch, remained as a menace suspended over the head of the negotiator, in case his submission should not be sufficiently prompt and complete. General Lemarrois had already taken possession of the duchy of Urbino, of the province of Macerata, of Fermo, and Spoleto.
Notwithstanding this weak invention, Italy was still afflicted, Rome was again besieged, and the suburb of Classe, only three miles from Ravenna, was pillaged and occupied by the troops of a simple duke of Spoleto.
The resurgence of this population and its reattainment of intellectual consciousness by the recovery of past traditions and the rejection of foreign influence constitutes the history of Italy upon the close of the Dark Ages. It will be remembered by students of early Italian history that Benevento and Spoleto joined the Church in her war upon the Lombard kingdom. Spoleto was broken up.
AEmilianus was encamped at Spoleto; but as the enemy drew near, his soldiers, shrinking no doubt from a contest with veteran troops, made their peace by murdering the new emperor, and Valerian was elected in his stead. This prince was already an old man at the time of his election; but he lived long enough to look back upon the day of his inauguration as the blackest in his life.
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