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Updated: June 8, 2025
As he finished speaking, there came a loud crashing noise and a shout my pony had landed out just once again, and banged in one side of a chair belonging to these traveling officials. They met me with noisy and derisive greetings, which were returned with a straight and penetrating look. No less than fifty degrees was the thermometrical difference in Ta-shui-tsing and Kiang-ti.
The thermometer stood at 60° outside the cave, and fell to 10° when placed inside; but thermometrical observations of that date were so vague as to be useless for present purposes. The ice appeared to be harder than the ordinary ice of rivers, less full of air-bubbles, and more difficult to melt. M. Billerez enunciated a new theory to account for the phenomena presented by the cave.
We are safe, then, in saying that the humidity evaporated from any artificially watered soil is increased by a quantity bearing a large proportion to the whole amount distributed over it, for most even of that which is absorbed by the earth is immediately given out again either by vegetables or by evaporation; and the hygrometrical and thermometrical condition of the atmosphere in irrigated countries is modified proportionally to the extent of the practice.
He annotated the volumes that he read with judgment; he kept botanical calendars and thermometrical registers; he had a lively curiosity all round; and, in Gray's own words, he deemed it a sufficient object of his studies to know, wherever he was, what lay within reach that was worth seeing whether building, ruin, park, garden, prospect, picture, or monument to whom it had ever belonged, and what had been the characteristic and taste of different ages.
The accordance just observed between the barometrical and thermometrical measures is so much more striking, because in mountainous countries, with steep declivities, the springs generally indicate too great a decrement of caloric, for they unite small currents of water, which filtrate at different heights, and their temperature is consequently the mean between the temperature of these currents.
During this season the breeze entirely ceases; and, according to good thermometrical observations made by M. Pozo, the thermometer rises in the shade to 39 and 39.5 degrees, though kept at the distance of more than fifteen feet from the ground. As we approached the banks of the Portuguesa, the Apure, and the Apurito, the air became cooler from the evaporation of so considerable a mass of water.
The truth of the matter is that, in so far as there is any subjective element in the experience and measurement of heat, it does not lie on the side of our sense of warmth, but in our judgment of the significance of thermometrical readings.
M. Soret states that he has not absolute confidence in his thermometrical observations, but as he had more time than I to devote to such details, inasmuch as he did not pass down into the lowest part of the cave, I give his results rather than my own, which were carelessly made on this occasion: On a stone near the first column of ice, 0°·37 C.; on a stick propped against the column on the edge of the great ice-fall, 2°·37 C.; in a hole in the ice, filled with water by drops from the roof, 0° C. approximately.
The habitable earth originally wooded General meteorological influence of the forest Electrical action of trees Chemical influence of woods Trees as protection against malaria Trees as shelter to ground to the leeward Influence of the forest as inorganic on temperature Thermometrical action of trees as organic Total influence of the forest on temperature Influence of forests as inorganic on humidity of air and earth Influence as organic Balance of conflicting influences Influence of woods on precipitation Total climatic action of the forest Influence of the forest on humidity of soil The forest in winter Summer rain, importance of Influence of the forest on the flow of springs Influence of the forest on inundations and torrents Destructive action of torrents Floods of the Ardeche Excavation by torrents Extinction of torrents Crushing force of torrents Transporting power of water The Po and its deposits Mountain slides Forest as protection against avalanches Minor uses of the forest Small forest plants and vitality of seeds Locusts do not breed in forests General functions of forest General consequences of destruction of Due proportion of woodland Proportion of woodland in European countries Forests of Great Britain Forests of France Forests of Italy Forests of Germany Forests of United States American forest trees European and American forest trees compared The forest does not furnish food for man First removal of the forest Principal causes of destruction of forest Destruction and protection of forests by governments Royal forests and game-laws Effects of the French revolution Increased demand for lumber Effects of burning forest Floating of timber Restoration of the forest Economy of the forest Forest legislation Plantation of forests in America Financial results of forest plantations Instability of American life.
Pepper, coffee, tapioca, cinchona, and ipecacuanha, are being tried successfully; burnt earth, of which the natives have a great opinion, and leaf mould being used in the absence of other manure. The rainfall is supposed to average 100 inches a year, and since thermometrical observations have been taken the mercury has varied from 68 degrees to 92 degrees.
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