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Updated: June 10, 2025
There is no reason why Nabu should have been added as a deity in later times, and in general we must be on our guard against assuming new deities subsequent to Hammurabi. It is much more plausible to assume the restored popularity of very old ones. Bel being Marduk, the title was equivalent to that of 'governor of Babylonia. So, Tiele, Geschichte d. Religion i. Alterthum, i. 191.
The mutilated part of poor Ouranos is le phallus du ciel, le soleil, which falls into 'the Cosmic ocean, and then, of course, all is dark. Professor Tiele may be right here; I am indifferent. Max Muller. Professor Tiele says he does not grasp the meaning of, or believe in, any such law. Well, why is the world-wide tale of the Cyclops told about Odysseus?
The Third Edition is practically a different book, and consists of studies, each by an expert, of the various religions. Mr. Max Müller's works cited above, also his more recent volumes of Gifford Lectures, contain a number of general discussions. See also the Gifford Lectures of the late Mr. Ed. Caird, and the late Prof. Tiele. Pfleiderer's Philosophy of Religion, 4 vols.
TIELE, Histoire, &c. p. 237. Hence the name Babylon, which has been handed down to us, slightly modified, by classic tradition. The true Chaldæan form is Bab-Ilou, literally "The Gate of God." History of Art in Ancient Egypt, vol. ii. pp. 399-400 and figs. 311-313. TIELE, Manuel, &c. pp. 77, 78. HERODOTUS, i. 99. The People and Government.
On the other hand, as against Professor Tiele, Miss Amelia B. Edwards, and others, he says: "For the opinion that its lower elements were older than the higher there is not a particle of properly historical evidence, not a trace in the inscriptions of mere propitiation of ancestors or of belief in the absolute divinity of kings or animals; on the contrary ancestors are always found propitiated through prayer to some of the great gods; kings worshipped as emanations and images of the sun god and the divine animals adored as divine symbols and incarnations."
No doubt Tiele is prompted to this view by the example of the great god of the south, Marduk, who is originally a solar deity, and by all the other great gods who represent, or represented, some power of nature. Analogy, however, is not a sufficiently reliable guide to settle a question for the solution of which historical material is lacking.
This would not necessarily make Ishtar of Nineveh the oldest of the three, but accounts for the higher rank that was accorded to her, as against the other two. Tiele suggests that Arbela became the seat of a school of prophets in the service of Ishtar.
They cannot point, as a proof of an assertion made by Professor Tiele, 1885-86, to words of mine which did not see the light till 1887, in Myth, Ritual, and Religion, i. pp. 24, 43, 44. Not that I deny Professor Tiele's statement about my claim of his alliance before 1885-86. I merely ask for a reference to this claim.
The times of the fully developed Apollo worship showed vast improvement over previous periods, but even Professor Tiele virtually admits that this was owing to the importation of foreign influences. It was not due to any natural process of evolution; and it was followed by hopeless corruption and decline. The last days of both Greece and Rome were degenerate and full of depression and despair.
See Tiele's note, Zeitschrift für Assyriologie, ii. 184, note. IR. 55, col. iv. ll. 54-57. See Tiele, Zeitschrift für Assyriologie, ii. 190. III Rawlinson, pl. 66. The list also contains objects in the temples used for the cult. IIIR. 66. obverse, col. ii. ll. 2-25. See p. 207. The sign for image occurs in connection with some of the gods.
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