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Cultus complectitur omnia, quae studio et arte eis, quae natura instituit, adduntur. Cassis aut galea. Equi conspicui. Cf. Caes. Sed nec variare. Such is on the whole the most satisfactory explanation of this difficult passage, which we can give after a careful examination. A different version was given in the first edition. It refers not to battle, but to equestrian exercises, cf.
Montesquieu finds in this custom the origin of the duel and of knight-errantry. XI. Apud pertractentur. Are handled, i.e. discussed, among, i.e. by the chiefs, sc. before being referred to the people. Nisi refers not to coeunt, but to certis diebus. Fortuitum, casual, unforeseen; subitum, requiring immediate action. Inchoatur impletur. Ariovistus would not fight before the new moon, Caes.
He recommends the prince to use simplicity in his public speeches, and to avoid affectation. Marcus devotes his attention to the old authors who then had a great vogue at Rome: Ennius, Plautus, Nawius, and such orators as Cato and Gracchus. Pronto urges on him the study of Cicero, whose letters, he says, are all worth reading. 1 Ad M. Caes., iii. 19.
Very frequently in this sense in T., so also in Caes. Properly newest, then latest, last. Cf. note, His. 1, 47. This excessive love of play, extending even to the sacrifice of personal liberty, is seen also among the American Indians, see Robertson, Hist. of America, vol. 2, pp. 202-3. It is characteristic of barbarous and savage life, cf. Mur. in loco. De libertate ac de corpore.
Ariovistus had two wives. Caes. Probant, cf. probaverit, 13, note. Comatur. Subj. denoting the intention of the presents with which she is to be adorned. Frenatum, bridled, caparisoned==paratus below. So Liv.: in has leges, in easdem leges. Hoc vinculum, So, Sec. 13: haec apud illos toga. Conjugales deos. Certain gods at Rome presided over marriage, e.g.
The fog and rain of the British Isles are still proverbial. Dierum spatia, etc. Cf. Caes. 513. Quod si==and if. From the tendency to connect sentences by relatives arose the use of quod before certain conjunctions, particularly si, merely as a copulative. Cf. Z. 807. also Freund sub v. The fact alleged in this sentence is as false as the philosophy by which it is explained in the next, cf.
A light galley, so called from the Liburnians, a people of Illyricum, who built and navigated them. The signum, here likened to a galley, was more probably a rude crescent, connected with the worship of the moon, cf. Caes. B.G. 6, 21: Germani deorum numero ducunt Solem et Lunam. Ex magnitudine. Ex==secundum, cf. ex nobilitate, ex virtute Sec. 7.
V. XI. Sciences of General Culture at This Period V. XI. Reform of the Calendar V. XII. Dramatic Spectacles Ad Fam. vii. 1, 3; Ad Att. xvi. 5, 1; Sueton. Caes. 39; Plut.
The attentive reader will discover here traces of many subsequent usages of chivalry. Haec toga. This is the badge of manhood among the Germans, as the toga virilis was among the Romans. The Romans assumed the toga at the age of seventeen. Cyr, 1, 2, 8. Caes. Dignationem. Rank, title. It differs from dignitas in being more external. Cf. H. 1, 19: dignatio Caesaris; 8, 80: dignatio viri.
Potestas==rightful power, authority; potentia==power without regard to right, ability, force, cf. note, 42. Ad rem, cf. Caes. Ambiorix tells Caesar, that though he governed, yet the people made laws for him, and the supreme power was shared equally between him and them. Exemplo imperio. "Dative after sunt==are to set an example, rather than to give command." So Grueber and Doed.
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