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See Hilprecht, Explorations in Bible Lands, pp. 289 ff., 540 ff.; and Fisher, Excavations at Nippur, Pt. I , Pt. Ezek. iii. 15. Ezek. i. 1, 3; iii. 23; and cf. x. 15, 20, 22, and xliii. 3. See J. A. Montgomery, Aramaic Incantation Texts from Nippur, 1913 Hilprecht, Explorations, p. 555 f.
Soc. Bibl. Arch. vi. 279. Jensen, Kosmologie, p. 127, proposes to read Umun-pauddu. Hilprecht, Old Babylonian Inscriptions, i. 2, no. 93. The name also appears in syllabaries as Shul-pa-ud-du-a. For the element pa-udda, see p. 103. Jensen, Kosmologie, pp. 125, 126. See Journal Asiatique, September-October, 1895, p. 393. De Sarzec, pl. 8, col. v. ll. 8-12. IR. pl. 2, no. 4.
Hilprecht reads Nin-a-gid-kha-du, but this can hardly be correct. The two ideas, 'water' and 'incantation, are correlated. The 'waters' meant are those used for purification purposes in connection with the magic formulas. De Sarzec, pl. 32, col. ii. 9-11. Records of the Past, N.S., i. 59. The publication in De Sarzec favors my readings.
Professor Hilprecht, in 1882-83, was working at a translation of an inscription wherein came Nabu Kudurru usur, rendered by Professor Delitzsch "Nebo protect my mortar-board". Professor Hilprecht accepted this, but woke one morning with his mind full of the thought that the words should be rendered "Nebo protect my boundary," which "sounds a deal likelier," and is now accepted.
Jensen regards Pa-sag as a possible phonetic form, but his view is hardly tenable. See Zimmern, Busspsalmen, pp. 60, 61. Cylinder A, cols. iv. and v. Amiaud read the name Nirba. Just published by Hilprecht, Old Babylonian Inscriptions, i. 2, pls. 38-47. Cf. p. 52 VR. col. i. 48. See at close of chapter vi. Hilprecht, ib. no. 87, col i. 30. Ib. i. 32.
It is also on a knob which contains remains of an iron stick, to which, evidently, the knob was fastened. Written A-e. Hilprecht, Old Babylonian Inscriptions, i. 1, p. 58. In reality, glass colored with cobalt. On this production of false lapis lazuli, see Peters' Nippur, ii. 134. For examples, see Hilprecht, ib., pl. 18, no. 34; pl. 23, nos. 56, 57; pl. 25, nos. 66, 69; pl. 26, no. 70.
From other sources the great age of Uruk is confirmed, and Hilprecht is of the opinion that it was the capitol of a kingdom contemporaneous with the earliest period of Babylonian history. A lexicographical tablet informs us that Uruk was specially well fortified.
The formulas are thus seen to be conventional ones, though occasionally the inscription is somewhat longer. This inscription appears, as Dr. Hilprecht informs us, on an ax made of imitation lapis lazuli. Other votive inscriptions are found on rings and on knobs of ivory or magnesite. These various designs no doubt all had some symbolical significance.
See Hilprecht, Babylonian Expedition, Series D, Vol. V, Fasc. 1, plate, Rev., l. 8; the photographic reproduction clearly shows, as Dr. I, pp. 122 ff. The discussion of the meaning of niggilma may best be postponed till the Sixth Column, where we find other references to the word.
Hilprecht, Old Babylonian Inscriptions chiefly from Nippur, 1893. Records of the Past, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11. Sayce's Hibbert Lectures, 1887. Tiele, Egyptische en Mesopotamische Godsdiensten. Jastrow, The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria, 1898. The most complete account of the whole subject. Jastrow, "Religion of Babylonia," in Dictionary of the Bible, vol. v.