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A third name for the nether world which conveys an important addition to the views held regarding the dead, was Shuâlu. Jensen, it is true, following Bertin, questions the existence of this term in Babylonian, but one does not see how the evidence of the passages in the lexicographical tablets can be set aside in the way that he proposes.
From the first quarter of the nineteenth century, the lexicographical supremacy of Johnson's Dictionary was undisputed, and eminent students of the language busied themselves in trying, not to supersede it, but to supplement and perfect it.
The name of the hero of the story was for a long time a puzzle to scholars. Written invariably in ideographic fashion, the provisional reading Izdubar was the only safe recourse until a few years ago, when Pinches discovered in a lexicographical tablet the equation Izdubar = Gilgamesh.
But farther down the hollow there was one really "birdy" spot, to borrow a word useful enough to claim lexicographical standing from one of my companions: a tiny grove of stunted oaks, by the roadside, just at the point where I naturally struck the valley when I approached it by way of the Hill of Storms.
That the term has hitherto been found only in lexicographical tablets need not surprise us. Aralû, too, is of rare occurrence in the religious texts. The priests appear to avoid the names for the nether world, which were of ill omen, and preferred to describe the place by some epithet, as 'land without return, or 'dark dwelling, or 'great city, and the like.
Perrot and Chiplez, History of Art in Sardinia, Phoenicia, Judea, Syria, and Asia Minor, ii. 176. Pinches, Babylonian and Assyrian Cylinders, etc., of Sir Henry Peak, no. 18. Cf. Harper, ib. p. 408. A lexicographical tablet, IIR. 56, col. iii. 22-35, mentions four dogs of Marduk. See p. 232. See Harper, ib. p. 426.
In view of a passage in a lexicographical tablet, according to which the name of the god is designated as the equivalent of the god Gir-ra, Jensen concluded that the name was to be read Gira, and Delitzsch is inclined to follow him. A difficulty, however, arises through the circumstance that the element Gir in the name Gir-ra is itself an ideograph.
The other is a short vocabulary of the Latin and vernacular names of plants, a species of class-vocabulary of which there exist several of rather early date. But when we reach the end of the fourteenth century, English is once more in the ascendant. And under these new conditions lexicographical activity at once bursts forth with vigour.
As a married couple they would occasionally take the Chao Phraya river boat to the museum so that they might reminisce about those meetings of their youth, thank the preserved specimens that had saved them from life, and maintain a lexicographical stance that words like "death" should mean precisely that despite the vehement denials, neologistic concoctions of a heavenly overture, and anthromorphic self-made mythologies of the masses.
When I looked, he says, into the works composed by the early writers after the Talmud on the commandments, I found that their writings can be classified under three heads. First, exposition of the Torah and the Prophets, like the grammatical and lexicographical treatises of Ibn Janah, or the exegetical works of Saadia.
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