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Updated: June 2, 2025
A. Brehm, Life of Animals, iii. 477; all quotations after the French edition. Bates, p. 151. Catalogue raisonne des oiseaux de la faune pontique, in Demidoff's Voyage; abstracts in Brehm, iii. 360. During their migrations birds of prey often associate. Birds in the Northern Shires, p. 207. Max. Dr. Elliot Coues, Birds of the Kerguelen Island, in Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, vol. xiii.
The leader of a troop of monkeys acts as the sentinel, and utters cries expressive both of danger and of safety. Brehm, 'Thierleben, B. i. 1864, s. 52, 79. For the case of the monkeys extracting thorns from each other, see s. 54. Animals also render more important services to one another: thus wolves and some other beasts of prey hunt in packs, and aid one another in attacking their victims.
Brehm Father, quoted by A. Brehm, iv. 34 seq. See also White's Natural History of Selborne, Letter XI. Dr. Coues, Birds of Dakota and Montana, in Bulletin U.S. Survey of Territories, iv. No. 7. It has often been intimated that larger birds may occasionally transport some of the smaller birds when they cross together the Mediterranean, but the fact still remains doubtful.
With kindred species the cranes contract real friendship; and in captivity there is no bird, save the also sociable and highly intelligent parrot, which enters into such real friendship with man. "It sees in man, not a master, but a friend, and endeavours to manifest it," Brehm concludes from a wide personal experience.
One of the monkeys immediately approached, cautiously opened the bag a little, peeped in, and instantly dashed away. Then I witnessed what Brehm has described, for monkey after monkey, with head raised high and turned on one side, could not resist taking a momentary peep into the upright bag, at the dreadful object lying quietly at the bottom.
According to Samuel W. Baker, elephants combine in larger groups than the "compound family." Romanes's Animal Intelligence, p. 472. Brehm, i. 82; Darwin's Descent of Man, ch. iii. The Kozloff expedition of 1899-1901 have also had to sustain in Northern Thibet a similar fight. Society has not been created by man; it is anterior to man.
One female baboon had so capacious a heart that she not only adopted young monkeys of other species, but stole young dogs and cats, which she continually carried about. Her kindness, however, did not go so far as to share her food with her adopted offspring, at which Brehm was surprised, as his monkeys always divided everything quite fairly with their own young ones.
Wallace shared it at one time in regard to the birds, their songs and nest-building, but abandoned it later, and fell back upon instinct or inherited habit. Some of the German writers, such as Brehm, Büchner, and the Müllers, seem to have held to the notion more decidedly. But Professor Groos had not yet opened their eyes to the significance of the play of animals.
Brehm especially insists that each individual monkey of those which he kept tame in Africa had its own peculiar disposition and temper: he mentions one baboon remarkable for its high intelligence; and the keepers in the Zoological Gardens pointed out to me a monkey, belonging to the New World division, equally remarkable for intelligence.
The primacy of the animal kingdom remains, of course, undisputed; but the dog, the elephant, the horse, the beaver, nay, the parrot, the bee, and the ant, have found learned and uncompromising advocates of their claims to the honors of the second rank. Russel Wallace and Dr. Brehm have agitated the question, but failed to settle it, even to their own satisfaction.
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