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Updated: May 2, 2025
They therefore readily seconded the Sultan in his views. Argument on first principles was formally forbidden in the schools; and for the interpretation of existing law two offices were invented the one for dogmatic, the other for practical decisions, those of the Sheykh el Islam and the Great Mufti.
They individually are more honourable than their governments and corporations. The Sheykh of the Thieves, I can assure you, is the soul of honour. I go at once to see him. He can clear Rashîd. 'If he does that, he is the best of men! exclaimed my servant. An hour later one of the hotel men, much excited, came to tell me that some soldiers were approaching, who had caught the thief.
Thus while I was at Jeddah there came a deputation of Mussulmans from Bengal, being on their way to Mecca to ask a fetwa on the disputed point whether believers were permitted or not to use European dress. A previous fetwa had been asked at Constantinople, but the deputation was dissatisfied, alleging that the Sheykh el Islam there could not be trusted and that they preferred the Meccan Mufti.
At once there rose a cry: 'That Yûsuf is a liar. Some of the trees do not belong to him. The water, too, does not originate upon his property, but on the hill above, so can be cut from him. Suleymân was talking with the village headman. When he returned to me his face was grave. 'What is it? I inquired. 'Has the Sheykh Yûsuf been deceiving us?
Shafism has its stronghold at Cairo, where the Sheykh el Islam has always belonged to this rite, but it is also the prevailing school in Asia wherever Mohammedanism has been introduced through the instrumentality of Arabian missionaries.
They begin with Mawiyeh ibn Ommiyah, founder of the Ommiad dynasty, and end with Mostasem Billah, the last Sultan of the Abbasides. The third period is a phase of temporal inter-regnum during which for nearly three hundred years the Khalifeh exercised no sovereign rights, and resided as a spiritual chief only, or as we should now say Sheykh el Islam, at Cairo.
Upon the other hand, we all three argued with Sheykh Yûsuf that he should leave the place at once and lay his case before the Governor. 'We will go with him, said Suleymân to me, 'in order that your Honour may be made acquainted with the Governor a person whom you ought to know. His property will not be damaged in his absence, for they fear the law.
The heat of war is one thing, and cold-blooded malice is another. It is the sight and sound of him that irritates them and so drives them to excess. At length we got the Sheykh on horseback and upon the road; but he was far from grateful, wishing always to go back and fight.
At taking leave, the eyes of Sheykh Huseyn met mine a moment. They were large, benevolent, brown eyes, and they expressed much inward sorrow, while on his lips there broke the smile demanded of politeness. 'Au refoir, mon cher! Au blaisir! cried his hopeful son.
There is no common authority in the world acknowledged as superior to the rest, neither is there any office corresponding even remotely with the infallible Papacy. The Mohammedan nations have for the most part each its separate school, composed of its own Ulema and presided over by its own Grand Mufti or Sheykh el Islam, and these are independent of all external influence.
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