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He quotes Quetelet and Lacassagne, the former looking upon society as the preparer of crime, and the criminals as instruments that execute them. The most "prosperous" industrial period makes it impossible for the worker to earn enough to keep up health and vigor. And as prosperity is, at best, an imaginary condition, thousands of people are constantly added to the host of the unemployed.
Industrial conditions also have a profound influence upon criminal statistics. Economic crises, hard times, strikes, lockouts, are all productive of crime. Quetelet, the Belgian statistician, thought that the general rule could be laid down that, as the price of food increases, crimes against property increase, while crimes against persons decrease.
It had to be proved scientifically, and this Quetelet of Brussels succeeded in doing in December, 1836. A second meteoric revolving system was thus shown to exist. But its establishment was at once perceived to be fatal to the "cosmical cloud" hypothesis of Olmsted.
VIII. Cold weather may be looked for from October 20 to October 29, and from November 10 to November 19; but in the first ten days of November comes what we call Indian summer, and the French L'Été des Morts, because it succeeds All-Souls' Day, or L'Été de Saint Martin. M. Quetelet adds no observations on December, it being presumably a cold month everywhere.
Here De Vries utilises the recent statistical investigations into the phenomena of individual variation and their laws, as formulated chiefly by Quetelet and Bateson, which were unknown to Darwin and the earlier Darwinians. The actual transition from “species to species” is made suddenly, by mutation, not through variation.
Running and jumping, also, have as yet been too much neglected in our institutions, or practised spasmodically rather than systematically. It is singular how little pains have been taken to ascertain definitely what a man can do with his body, far less, as Quetelet has observed, than in regard to any animal which man has tamed, or any machine which he has invented.
M. Quetelet, the head of the Observatory at Brussels, has paid great attention to the periodicity of weather-changes in Europe. The result of his investigations is as follows: I. That there is always a "cold snap" between the 7th and 11th of January, during which ordinarily occurs the coldest day of the year.
Faye's researches, in 'British and Foreign Medico-Chirurg. Review, April 1867, pp. 343, 345. For France, the 'Annuaire pour l'An 1867, p. 213. For Philadelphia, Dr. Stockton Hough, 'Social Science Assoc. 1874. For the Cape of Good Hope, Quetelet as quoted by Dr.
Sir J. Simpson has proved that the head of the male infant exceeds that of the female by 3/8ths of an inch in circumference, and by 1/8th in transverse diameter. Quetelet has shewn that woman is born smaller than man; see Dr.
But from the beginning of accurate statistics we know that the duration of life in any nation is a fair index of its progress in civilization, Quetelet gives statistics, more or less reliable, from every nation of Northern Europe, showing a gain of ten to twenty-five per cent, during the last century. Where the tables are most carefully prepared, the result is least equivocal.
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