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Updated: May 26, 2025
This deep simple faith in the divineness of Nature as she appears, which, in our eyes, is Mr. Tennyson's differentia, is really the natural accompaniment of a quality at first sight its very opposite, and for which he is often blamed by a prosaic world; namely, his subjective and transcendental mysticism.
Thus the word whiteness, as we have so often remarked, connotes nothing; it merely denotes the attribute corresponding to a certain sensation: but if we are making a classification of colours, and desire to justify, or even merely to point out, the particular place assigned to whiteness in our arrangement, we may define it “the colour produced by the mixture of all the simple rays;” and this fact, though by no means implied in the meaning of the word whiteness as ordinarily used, but only known by subsequent scientific investigation, is part of its meaning in the particular essay or treatise, and becomes the differentia of the species.
Every class which is a real Kind, that is, which is distinguished from all other classes by an indeterminate multitude of properties not derivable from one another, is either a genus or a species. And here we may close this part of the discussion, and pass to the three remaining predicables, Differentia, Proprium, and Accidens. To begin with Differentia.
But toys with words: his thoughts are bent elsewhither. And now, gentlemen, I leave you to your vote. Porch. Not yet! Let me ask him a few questions. Epi. Yes? I am ready. Porch. You hold toil to be an evil? Epi. I do. Porch. And pleasure a good? Epi. Unquestionably. Porch. Do you recognize the distinction between differentia and indifferentia? between praeposita and rejecta? Epi. Why, certainly.
The question never arose, and they were never called upon to decide how such a case would have affected their notion of essentiality. However this may be, they were satisfied with taking such a portion of the differentia as sufficed to distinguish the species from all other existing things, although by so doing they might not exhaust the connotation of the name.
And mark, for a last differentia, that this quickening of the pulse is, in almost every case, purely agreeable; that these phantom reproductions of experience, even at their most acute, convey decided pleasure; while experience itself, in the cockpit of life, can torture and slay. What, then, is the object, what the method, of an art, and what the source of its power?
Et haec est propria et per se differentia inter effectionem ex nihilo, et ex aliquo, propter quam, ut infra ostendemus, prior modus efficiendi superat vim finitam naturaliam agentium, non vero posterior.
His answer is, in brief, that law, order, and inequality have been absolutely necessary in order to limit tendencies which would otherwise keep men in a state of hopeless poverty and depression. This gives the 'differentia' of the Utilitarian considered as one species of the genus 'Radical. Malthus's criticism of Paine is significant.
I mean, in general, logical definition where the class or genus of the thing to be described whether best-selling novel or sentimental tendency is first made clear, and then its differentia, its differences from the type analyzed out and assorted. But this process in literature cannot be as formal as logic. Good literature cannot be bound by formulas.
A kind, and not merely a class, may be founded on any one of these, if there be a host of properties behind, of which this one is the index, and not the source. Genus and Differentia are said to be of the essence; that is, the properties signified by them are connoted by the name denoting the species. But both proprium and accidens are said to be predicated of the species accidentally.
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