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Updated: June 20, 2025
It is certainly not generally known that, as late as the tenth century, the bishops of the great cities called themselves Popes the 'Pope of Milan, the 'Pope of Naples, and the like and that Gregory the Seventh, the famous Hildebrand, was the first to decree that the title should be confined to the Roman Pontiffs, with that of 'Servus Servorum Dei' 'servant of the servants of God. And indeed, in those changing times such a confusion of titles must have caused trouble, as it did when Gregory the Fifth, driven out by Crescentius, and taking refuge in Pavia, found himself, the Pope of Rome, confronted with Arnulf, the 'Pope' of Milan, and complained of his position to the council he had summoned.
He counted upon the help of his two brothers, whose possessions were also in those parts, Arnulf of Pembroke, and Roger called the Poitevin, who had possession of Lancaster. The Welsh princes also stood ready, as their countrymen stood for centuries afterwards, to combine with any party of rebellious barons in England, and their assistance proved of as little real value then as later.
Charles the Fat was succeeded in Germany by his nephew, Arnulf, who also took possession of Italy and was crowned emperor by the pope, though his power in Italy was merely nominal. The race of Charlemagne in Germany ended in 911 by the death of Ludwig.
But it had been a glorious war for him, and his gallant deeds had well earned for him the title of "Richard the Fearless" a name well deserved; for there was but one thing he feared, and that was, to do wrong. By and by, success and peace came; and then Arnulf of Flanders, finding open force would not destroy him, three times made attempts to assassinate him, like his father, by treachery.
Torfrida had special opportunities of hearing about Hereward; for young Arnulf was to her a pet and almost a foster-brother, and gladly escaped from the convent to tell her the news. He had now had his first taste of the royal game of war. He had seen Hereward fight by day, and heard him tell stories over the camp-fire by night.
Arnulf and Earl William were killed; Philip made peace with Robert, henceforth undisputed Count of Flanders. All this brought King William to the continent, while the invasion of Malcolm was still unavenged. No open war followed between Normandy and Flanders; but for the rest of their lives Robert and William were enemies, and each helped the enemies of the other.
"Who art thou?" said the Duke. "In this holy place thou art secure, be thy deed what it may. Speak! who art thou?" "Dost thou not know me?" said the suppliant. "Promise mercy, ere thou dost hear my name." "I have seen that face under a helmet," said the Duke. "Thou art Arnulf of Flanders!" There was a deep silence. "And wherefore art thou here?" "I delayed to own the French King Hugh.
The Seneschal went to receive the guests, and presently was heard ushering in the noble Prince, Arnulf, Count of Flanders. Richard's face became pale he turned from Carloman by whose side he had been standing, and walked straight out of the hall and up the stairs, closely followed by Osmond.
I sought to come hither, trusting that, when the holy Father Abbot beheld my bitter repentance, he would intercede for me with you, most noble Prince, for my safety and forgiveness. Oh, gallant Duke, forgive and spare!" "Rise up, Arnulf," said Richard. "Where the hand of the Lord hath stricken, it is not for man to exact his own reckoning.
2, Leopold III, Marquis of Austria, d. 1136. 2, Adelaide, a Russian princess. 1 Conrad I and Henry I seem to have been related. By one account their mothers were the daughters of Emperor Arnulf. 2 Widow of Lothar, King of Italy. 3 Elected 1127 in opposition to Lotharl accepted as his successor. 4 Elected in opposition to Philip; accepted as his successor, 1208; ruined by battle of Bouvines.
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