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Considering all these divisions of the Animal Kingdom from this point of view, it is evident that the more comprehensive ones must be those which are based on the broadest characters, Branches, as united upon plan of structure, standing of course at the head; next to these the Classes, since the general mode of executing the plan presents a wider category of characters than the complication of structure on which Orders rest; after Orders come Families, or the patterns of form in which these greater or less complications of structure are clothed; and proceeding in the same way from more general to more special considerations, we can have no other category of structure as characteristic of Genera than the details of structure by which members of the same Family may differ from each other, and this I consider as the only true basis on which to limit Genera, while it is at the same time in perfect accordance with the practice of the most eminent modern zoologists.
There is also the term عرق, "decayed flesh or bone." يونس, Ἰωνας. Esaias is changed in the same way. الضب, Thob monitor: probably, monitor pulchra. كحل, Kohel, "powder of lead," name derived from the epithet "black." حنّا, Henna, "Lawsonia alba," Law. It is the Ovis Tragelaphus of Zoologists. I was fellow-passenger from Mogador with the male oudad, now at the Royal Zoological Gardens.
Lyell's anticipation that the theory of coral-reefs would be slow in meeting with general acceptance was certainly not justified by the actual facts. On the contrary the new book was at once received with general assent among both geologists and zoologists, and even attracted a considerable amount of attention from the general public.
This theory of Orthogenesis has not figured very strongly in the history of the movement, but it recurs at intervals. Both in America and France there is a constant tendency on the part of zoölogists to return to the Lamarckian idea that it is the use of an organ that develops it, its disuse that makes it fade away.
The colour of its fur resembles that of the deer in these forests. The natives call it the sassu-arana, or the false deer, as it frequently, in consequence, deceives them at first sight. "It was from this name being misspelt that it is called the cuguacuarana, the first c being soft," observes Bates. Hence the name cougar, employed by French zoologists, and copied in most works on natural history.
The same impression appears in the works of most Russian zoologists, and it probably explains why Kessler's ideas were so welcomed by the Russian Darwinists, whilst like ideas are not in vogue amidst the followers of Darwin in Western Europe.
Again, if we examine the contents of the earth's crust, we shall find in the latter of those deposits, which have served as the great burying grounds of past ages, numberless lobster-like animals, but none so similar to our living lobster as to make zoologists sure that they belonged even to the same genus.
But what can you expect from the masses, when there are men of education, zoologists even, who, instead of admitting what is so familiar to them, the essential identity of man and animal, are bigoted and stupid enough to offer a zealous opposition to their honest and rational colleagues, when they class man under the proper head as an animal, or demonstrate the resemblance between him and the chimpanzee or ourang-outang.
It is as if zoölogists who had assembled to determine the truth or falsity of some scientific theory concerning the anatomy of a reptile should waste all their time in contending whether or not the reptile was unclean. And even when they do apply the test of truthfulness, many critics are troubled by a grave misconception that leads them into error.
The multitudinous kinds of animals and plants, both recent and fossil, are, as is well known, arranged by zoologists and botanists, in accordance with their natural relations, into groups which receive the names of sub-kingdoms, classes, orders, families, genera and species.
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