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E. Westermarck, "Midsummer Customs in Morocco," Folk-lore, xvi. pp. 30 sq.; id., Ceremonies and Beliefs connected with Agriculture, etc., pp. 83 sq. E. Westermarck, "Midsummer Customs in Morocco," Folk-lore, xvi. pp. 31 sq.; id., Ceremonies and Beliefs connected with Agriculture, etc., pp. 84-86. See K. Vollers, in Dr. James Hastings's Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics iii.
In addition you must know your Westermarck on Human Marriage, and your Waitz Anthropologie, and your Topinard not that you need expect to go measuring people's skulls and chests as this last named authority expects you to do, for no self-respecting person black or white likes that sort of thing from the hands of an utter stranger, and if you attempt it you'll get yourself disliked in West Africa.
This account of prehistoric life is well seen in Mortillet's Prehistorique . The lowest races also have no tribal life, and Professor Westermarck is of opinion that early man was not social. We seem to have the most plausible explanation of the divergence of man from his anthropoid cousins in the fact that he left the trees of his and their ancestors.
Elsie Clews Parsons, The Family, p. 351. Dr. Parsons rightly thinks such unions a social evil when they check the development of personality. For evidence regarding the general absence of celibacy among both savage and barbarous peoples, see, e.g., Westermarck, History of Human Marriage, Ch.
This gives it its blood-curdling quality. The rustic does not know what would happen to him if he garnered his corn on Sunday, nor does the diner-out in polite society know what would happen if he spooned up his food with his knife but they both are stricken with a sort of paralysis at the very suggestion of infringing these taboos. See Westermarck, Ibid., ii. 586.
Professor Westermarck sums up the attitude of civilization to women in these terms: Nowhere else has the difference in culture between men and women been so immense as in the fully-developed Greek civilization. The lot of a wife in Greece was retirement and ignorance.
Westermarck may also be right in holding that, in spite of the close similarity which obtains between the midsummer festival of Europe and the midsummer festival of North Africa, the latter is not a copy of the former, but that both have been handed down independently from a time beyond the purview of history, when such ceremonies were common to the Mediterranean race. The Autumn Fires
It is seldom, indeed, that the question has been considered of sufficient importance to receive accurate attention. Not infrequently conflicting accounts are given by different authorities, and even by the same writer. Westermarck, “The Position of Women in Early Civilisations,” Sociological Papers, 1904. I wish it to be understood that mother-right does not necessarily imply mother-rule.
"Although the progress of civilization," wrote Gibbon long ago, "has undoubtedly contributed to assuage the fiercer passions of human nature, it seems to have been less favorable to the virtue of chastity," and Westermarck concludes that "irregular connections between the sexes have, on the whole, exhibited a tendency to increase along with the progress of civilization."
See Westermarck, Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas, vol. i, pp. 386-390, 522. Westermarck, Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas, pp. 9, 159; also the whole of Ch.
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