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Updated: June 9, 2025
Its first great text-book is the Bhagavad-gîtâ, but it is also mentioned in the last verse of the Śvetâśvatara Upanishad and Pâṇini appears to allude to bhakti felt for Vâsudeva. The Kaṭhâ Upanishad contains the following passage: "That Âtman cannot be gained by the Veda, nor by understanding nor by much learning. He whom the Âtman chooses, by him the Âtman can be gained.
The problem of problems, therefore, was how to attain such knowledge. The Chandogya Upanishad does not offer any startling solution to this matter. The teacher who conducts the session is a certain Ghora of the Angirasa family and it is the person of his disciple rather than his actual message which concerns us. The disciple is called Krishna and his mother has the name Devaki.
Otherwise it is meaningless. Like universal gravitation, which governs large and small alike in the world of matter, this universal joy exerts its attraction throughout our inner world, and baffles our understanding when we see it in a partial view. The only rational explanation of why we find joy in man and nature is given in the Upanishad: For of joy are born all created things.
Thus, one section of the Khandogya Upanishad consists entirely of instructions given by a father, Uddâlaka, to his son, Svetaketu, who had gone through the ordinary courses of study in the Vedas, but who, in the father's view, had failed to reach the true significance of life.
Here the last words destroy the apparent determinism of the first part of the sentence. And similarly the Chândogya Upanishad says, "They who depart hence without having known the Self and those true desires, for them there is no freedom in all worlds. But they who depart hence after knowing the Self and those true desires, for them there is freedom in all worlds ."
Thus an apologue proving that the breath is the essential vital constituent of a human being is found in five ancient Upanishads . The Chândogya and Bṛihad-Âraṇyaka both contain an almost identical narrative of how the priest Âruṇi was puzzled and instructed by a king and a similar story is found at the beginning of the Kausîhtaki . The two Upanishads last mentioned also contain two dialogues in which king Ajâtaśatru explains the fate of the soul after death and which differ in little except that one is rather fuller than the other . So too several well-known stanzas and also quotations from the Veda used with special applications are found in more than one Upanishad .
This philosophy of monism received its highest expression in the UPANISHAD commentaries of Shankara. "Welcome to Wardha!" Mahadev Desai, secretary to Mahatma Gandhi, greeted Miss Bletch, Mr. Our little group had just dismounted at the Wardha station on an early morning in August, glad to leave the dust and heat of the train.
The doctrine of the personal Îśvara is elaborated in the Śvetâśvatara Upanishad of uncertain date . It celebrates him in hymns of almost Mohammedan monotheism.
For him who knows this, there is this Upanishad, or secret vow, 'Beg not! As a man who has begged through a village and got nothing sits down and says, 'I shall never eat anything given by those people, and as then those who formerly refused him press him to accept their alms, thus is the rule for him who begs not, but the charitable will press him and say, 'Let us give to thee.
Thou art the observer of those vows that depend upon the Vedas and that are observed by singers of Samanas. Thou art the embodiment of the Upanishad, called by the name of Atharvasiras. Thou art called the preceptor that subsists only on the froth of water. Thou art a Valikhilya. Thou art the embodiment of him who has not fallen away from Yoga.
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