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Updated: June 7, 2025
The possession of wings would appear to be the cause why the full-grown male is more rarely seen on the coffee bushes than the female. Mr. In the early pupa state the female is easily distinguishable from the male, by being more elliptical and much more convex.
If the feet have a steady pull to drag forth the body, they will be strong enough to bear its weight while the wings dry and develop. All lepidopterists mention the wet condition of the moths when they emerge. Some explain that an acid is ejected to soften the pupa case so that the moth can cut its way out; others go a step farther and state that the acid is from the mouth.
With all care we broke this as nearly in halves as possible and found in the centre a firm, oval hole, the size and shape of a hen's egg, and in the opening a fine fresh pupa case. It was a beautiful red-brown in colour, long and slenderer than a number of others in my box of sand, and had a long tongue case turned under and fastened to the pupa between the wing shields.
We are now persuaded: despite his stalwart appearance, the Capricorn is powerless to leave the tree-trunk by his unaided efforts. It therefore falls to the worm, to the wisdom of that bit of an intestine, to prepare the way for him. We see renewed, in another form, the feats of prowess of the Anthrax, whose pupa, armed with trepans, bores through rock on the feeble Fly's behalf.
Most insects pass through four stages: the egg; the worm or larvæ; the chrysalis, cocoon, or pupa; the full-grown insect or imago. Butterflies, moths and beetles are examples of insects in this last stage.
The sides of the chamber are rasped, thus providing a sort of down formed of ravelled woody fibres, broken into minute shreds. The velvety matter, as and when obtained, is applied to the wall in a continuous felt at least a millimetre thick. The chamber is thus padded throughout with a fine swan's-down, a delicate precaution taken by the rough worm on behalf of the tender pupa.
The larva is white, with a tolerably plump body, which tapers slightly towards the tail, while the head is much of the color of gum-copal. The rings of the body are thickened above, especially on the thoracic ones, by two transverse thickened folds. It is one-fifth of an inch long. The body of the chrysalis, or pupa, is considerably curved, with the head smooth and rounded.
The sides of the abdomen were pitted; the shape of the head, and the eyes showed through the case, the wing shields were plainly indicated, and the abdominal shield was in round sections so that the pupa could twist from side to sid when touched, proving that the developing moth inside was very much alive and in fine condition. There were no traces of the cast skin.
And now, what words can describe the wonder of the third chapter of this story of life in its changes? The pupa dies and falls to pieces, "An inner impulse rends the veil Of his old husk," and the butterfly comes forth, a glorious creature, "a living flash of light" whose home is in the sunbeam! What a change!
Just before assuming the pupa state, the maggot leaves its peculiar dwelling place, descends into the ground and there becomes a pupa, though retaining its larval skin, which serves as a protection to it, whence it is called a "puparium."
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