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Updated: May 1, 2025
From the Mikado himself who still makes use of personal pronouns, or at least pronominal expressions, forbidden to any other mortal down through all the grades of society, each class had an "I" peculiarly its own. Of terms corresponding to "you" or "thou" there are still sixteen in use; but formerly there were many more.
Similarly, we normally expect to find the pronominal elements, so far as they are included in the verb at all, either consistently prefixed or suffixed. But these rules are far from absolute. We have already seen that Hebrew prefixes its pronominal elements in certain cases, suffixes them in others.
Call it a phantom if you will, but even as a phantom it has a right to exist. Of this He or It, this pronominal soul-phantom, you will never rid yourself.
At last, however, she said, "I do really think it is very unfair, but it was not his fault, he says." "Who?" said Rachel, dreamily. "Why, Colonel Keith, my dear," said good Mrs. Curtis, conceiving that her pronominal speech had "broken" her intelligence; "it seems we were mistaken in him all this time." "What, about Miss Williams?" said Rachel, perceiving how the land lay; "how did you hear it?"
What makes you ask such a thing?" "I thought he looked as if he had dressed himself for a cold climate," said Barby dryly. Fleda sat down by Hugh's easy-chair and laid her head on his breast. "I like your Mr. Carleton very much," Hugh whispered after awhile. "Do you?" said Fleda, a little wondering at Hugh's choice of that particular pronominal adjective. "Very much indeed.
Gartney at last remedied the pronominal difficulty by invariably applying all remarks bearing no other indication, to that other "he" of the household Luther. Her own claim to the matronly title she gave up all hope of establishing; for, if the "relic'" abbreviated her own wifely distinction, how should she be expected to dignify other people?
The terminations are the three pronouns, feminine and masculine, singular and plural, each represented by one of twelve vowel characters, and declined like nouns. When a nominative immediately follows the verb, the pronominal suffix is generally dropped, unless required by euphony.
Pronominal adjectives are manufactured in the same way. "The stupid father," "the awkward son," "the broken-down firm," are "mine." Were they "yours," they would instantly become "the august, venerable father," "the honorable son," "the exalted firm." Even these lame substitutes for pronouns are paraded as sparingly as possible.
A peculiarly interesting type of infixation is found in the Siouan languages, in which certain verbs insert the pronominal elements into the very body of the radical element, e.g., Sioux cheti "to build a fire," chewati "I build a fire"; shuta "to miss," shuunta-pi "we miss." A subsidiary but by no means unimportant grammatical process is that of internal vocalic or consonantal change.
Thus, an infixed -in- conveys the idea of the product of an accomplished action, e.g., kayu "wood," kinayu "gathered wood." Infixes are also freely used in the Bontoc Igorot verb. Thus, an infixed -um- is characteristic of many intransitive verbs with personal pronominal suffixes, e.g., sad- "to wait," sumid-ak "I wait"; kineg "silent," kuminek-ak "I am silent."
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