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The denial of papal institution was in the spirit of Gallicanism; and the principle of election had a great tradition in its favour, and needed safeguards. Several bishops favoured conciliation, and wished the measure to be discussed in a National Council. Others exhorted the Pope to make no concession.
When the coming of responsible government broke up the solidarity of the French-Canadians they separated into three groups, the controlling factor in each case being religious belief. The Castors were ultra-clerical and ultramontane; the Bleus inherited the tradition of Gallicanism; the Rouges imported and adapted the anti-clericalism of European Liberals.
The Jansenists were opposed to the Jesuits, but Gallicanism was one thing and Jansenist theology another. On October 26, 1678, a meeting of the leading inhabitants of Canada was held by royal order at Quebec to consider the rights and wrongs of the brandy question. A large majority of those present were opposed to prohibition. As was said long ago, every one has the defects of his qualities.
They would all have denied sympathy either with Gallicanism or with Catholic Liberalism, but they were men of tolerance and breadth of sympathy, very doubtful whether such militant activity would advance the permanent interests of their Church. There broke out a violent struggle between the two political parties in 1871, with the issue of the Catholic Programme.
As for the poor Cardinal, he was helpless indeed. Henceforward, there was to be no paltering with that dangerous spirit of independence was it not almost Gallicanism which possessed the Old Catholic families of England? The supremacy of the Vicar of Christ must be maintained at all hazards. Compared with such an object, what were the claims of personal affection and domestic peace?
VII, ch. xvii, both by Emile Chenon; Joseph de Maistre, Du pape, 24th ed. , and De l'eglise gallicane, most celebrated treatments of Gallicanism from the standpoint of an Ultramontane and orthodox Roman Catholic; C. A. Sainte-Beuve, Port-Royal, 2d ed., 5 vols. , the best literary account of Jansenism; R. B. C. Graham, A Vanished Arcadia: being some account of the Jesuits in Paraguay, 1607 to 1767 ; Paul de Crousaz-Cretet, L'eglise et l'etat, ou les deux puissances au XVIIIe siecle, 1713-1789 , on the relations of church and state; Leon Mention, Documents relatifs aux rapports du clerge avec la royaute de 1682 a 1789, 2 vols.
Additional information can be gathered from the following. On the Catholic Church: William Barry, The Papacy and Modern Times , ch. v; Cambridge Modern History, Vol. V , ch. iv, on Gallicanism and Jansenism, by Viscount St. Cyres, a vigorous opponent of Ultramontanism; Histoire generale, Vol. VI, ch. vi, and Vol.
Gallicanism and submission of the new ecclesiastical staff. Measures taken to insure the obedience of the existing clergy and that of the clergy in the future. Seminaries. Small number of these allowed. Conditions granted to them. Proceedings against suspicious teachers and undisciplined pupils.
An anonymous paper on the right of custom, addressed to the episcopate, now added to all these subjects of controversy the recriminations of Gallicanism, which was almost extinct.
The Church of Rome in the conflict with Gallicanism found herself at grips with the spirit of nationalism, and to-day the strength of national feeling within Roman Catholicism hinders the Pope from exerting a moral authority over sovereign states that would parallel the judicial functions successfully asserted by Innocent III. No Christian Church to-day so rises above the national states of Europe, as to control or even adequately to criticize the claims of those states.
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