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Updated: May 24, 2025
He would not, of course, be able to see the earth, but he might see Neptune like another small star close to the sun. If generations of astronomers in Castor continued their observations of our system, they would find a binary star, of which one component took a century and a half to go round the other. Need we then be surprised that when we look at Castor we observe movements that seem very slow?
When a country has been long subjected to cultivation, it is not the proportions between the azote and oxygen that vary. The constituent bases of the atmosphere remain unaltered; but it no longer contains, in a state of suspension, those binary and ternary mixtures of carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen, which a virgin soil exhales, and which are regarded as a source of fecundity.
Here the magnitudes are fifth, twelfth, and sixth, distances 2", p. 274° and 366". It would also be useless for us to try to separate delta, but it is interesting to remember that this is one of the closest of known double stars, the magnitudes being fourth and fifth, distance 0.4", p. 198°. These data are from Hall's measurements in 1887. The star is, no doubt, a binary.
But what are those other untenable views to which the Sutra refers? To this question the next Sutra replies. The atomic theory teaches that the world is produced by the successive formation of compounds, binary, ternary, and so on, due to the aggregation of atoms such aggregation resulting from the motion of the atoms. Neither alternative is possible.
The magnitudes are three and ten, distance 10", p. 357°. In the double star 23 the magnitudes are four and nine, distance 23", p. 272°. A more pleasing object is sigma^2, a greenish fifth-magnitude star which has an eighth-magnitude companion, distance 2.6", p. 245°. A good double for our four-inch glass is xi, whose magnitudes are four and five, distance 1.87", p. 183°. This is a binary with a period of revolution of about sixty years, and is interesting as the first binary star whose orbit was determined.
Many others, MM. Cailletet and Colardeau, M. Young, M.J. Chappuis, etc., have proceeded thus. The case of mixtures is much more complicated. A binary mixture has a critical space instead of a critical point. This space is comprised between two extreme temperatures, the lower corresponding to what is called the folding point, the higher to that which we call the point of contact of the mixture.
The star 279, also known as Sigma 1910, near the southeastern edge of the constellation, is a pretty double, each component being of the seventh magnitude, distance 4", p. 212°. Just above zeta we come upon pi, an easy double for the three-inch, magnitudes four and six, distance 6" p. 99°. Next is xi, a yellow and purple pair, whose magnitudes are respectively five and seven, distance less than 3", p. 200°. This is undoubtedly a binary with a period of revolution of about a hundred and thirty years.
One interesting suggestion was that the little planet is in reality double, the two components revolving around their common center of gravity, like a close binary star, and mutually eclipsing one another. But this theory seems hardly competent to explain the very great fluctuation in light, and a better one, probably, is that suggested by Prof.
And then when we come to the oxides, acids, and other binary compounds, we see that in many cases the elements of which they are formed, when brought into the presence of one another under favourable conditions, unite with violence; and that many of their unions cannot be dissolved by heat alone.
The star 65, while lacking the peculiar charm of contrasted colors so finely displayed in 55, possesses an attraction in the equality of its components which are both of the sixth magnitude and milk-white. The distance is 4.5", p. 118°. In 66 we find a swift binary whose components are at present far too close for any except the largest telescopes.
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