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Updated: June 17, 2025
Just as the old Saxon -writan- signifies properly to tear, thence to write. 20. -Ratio Tuscanica,: cavum aedium Tuscanicum. Augustin. De Civ. Dei, iv. 31; comp. Comp, above, XIV. Development of Alphabets in Italy. I. XIII. Handicrafts I. XII. Nature of the Roman Gods I. XII. Pontifices Art Artistic Endowment of the Italians Poetry is impassioned language, and its modulation is melody.
In his facile comprehension of German and Latin books, he had long since forgotten his first painful steps: now in his agony they recurred to mock him. He had learnt these alien alphabets by observing in some bulky Hebrew books that when the printers had used up the letters of the Hebrew alphabet to mark their sheets, they started other and foreign alphabets.
Of equal interest is the bronze Etruscan helmet in the British Museum, dedicated to the Olympian Zeus, in commemoration of the great victory off Cumae, which destroyed the naval supremacy of the Etruscans, 474 B.C., and is celebrated in an ode by Pindar. The third epoch witnessed the emergence of the classical alphabets of European culture, the Ionian and the Italic.
When they were of an age to learn to read, Leon, who made but little progress, and stumbled along with one of those alphabets with pictures where the letter E is by the side of an elephant and the letter Z by the side of a zouave, was the despair of his mother.
If systems are here to be distinguished at all, we may not divide the alphabets into two classes according to the value of the "id:X" as "id:zeta" or as "id:chi", but we shall have to distinguish the alphabet of 23 from that of 25 or 26 letters, and perhaps further in this latter case to distinguish the Ionic of Asia Minor, from which the later common alphabet proceeded, from the common Greek of earlier times.
II. Equally early, if not still earlier, an effort was made to obviate the confusion that might so easily occur between the forms for "id:iota S" and for "id:s E"; for all the Greek alphabets known to us bear traces of the endeavour to distinguish them otherwise and more precisely.
Once having become separate from hieroglyphics, alphabetic writing itself underwent numerous differentiations multiplied alphabets were produced; between most of which, however, more or less connection can still be traced. And in each civilised nation there has now grown up, for the representation of one set of sounds, several sets of written signs used for distinct purposes.
The date thus assigned however, like all other statements respecting the Homeric age, is matter not of testimony, but of inference; and any one who carefully weighs the history of the Italian alphabets as well as the remarkable fact that the Italians had become acquainted with the Greek people before the name "Hellenes" had emerged for the race, and the Italians borrowed their designation for the Hellenes from the stock of the -Grai- or -Graeci- that early fell into abeyance in Hellas, will be inclined to carry back the earliest intercourse of the Italians with the Greeks to an age considerably mere remote.
The Roman Catholics opposed this work from the first, and anathematized the books issued. The labor and expense were increased by the singular use of alphabets in the Levantine regions. The Maronites and Syrians spoke the Arabic language, but employed the Syriac alphabet in writing. The Armenians, to a large extent, spoke the Turkish language, but wrote it with the Armenian alphabet.
Again, it is now not believed that the alphabets of Europe are derived from the hieroglyphics of Egypt, though it is an open question whether they were not derived, through Phoenicia, from certain signs which we find on ancient Egyptian pottery. If we take first a broad view of the later course of civilisation we see at a glance the general relation of east and west.
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