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Updated: June 27, 2025
Lorenzo himself, although "he had all the qualities of poet and statesman, connoisseur and patron of learning, citizen and prince," nevertheless "could not keep himself from the epicureanism of the time," and was infected with its weaknesses and vices.
If the Stoics then did not add much to the body of Philosophy, they did a great work in popularising it and bringing it to bear upon life. An intense practicality was a mark of the later Greek philosophy. This was common to Stoicism with its rival Epicureanism. Both regarded philosophy as 'the art of life, though they differed in their conception of what that art should be.
Such, in the latter days of the empire, was the leading class at Rome, and probably in the cities which aped the fashions of the capital. There was a melancholy absence of elevation of sentiment, of patriotism, of manly courage, and of dignity of character. Frivolity and luxury loosened all the ties of society. The animating principle of their lives was a heartless Epicureanism.
In this case all devout souls were thrown back upon philosophy, as they had been, though to a less extent, in Greece. There were under the early empire two rival schools which practically divided the field between them, Stoicism and Epicureanism. The ideal set before each was nominally much the same.
A wild craving to escape from himself and his solitude by some unusual means, beat against the walls of his heart. So far in life, from early boyhood to manhood, a vigorous love for things beautiful, an intense self-respect, an Epicureanism half instinctive, half inculcated by his country life and innate spirituality, had kept him from even the thought of things evil.
Joint letter to Philip, from Orange, Egmont, and Horn Egmont's quarrel with Aerschot and with Aremberg Philip's answer to the three nobles His instructions to the Duchess Egmont declines the King's invitation to visit Spain Second letter of the three seigniors Mission of Armenteros Letter of Alva Secret letters of Granvelle to Philip The Cardinal's insinuations and instructions His complaints as to the lukewarmness of Berghen and Montigny in the cause of the inquisition Anecdotes to their discredit privately chronicled by Granvelle Supposed necessity for the King's presence in the provinces Correspondence of Lazarus Schwendi Approaching crisis Anxiety of Granvelle to retire Banquet of Caspar Schetz Invention of the foolscap livery Correspondence of the Duchess and of the Cardinal with Philip upon the subject Entire withdrawal of the three seigniors from the state council the King advises with Alva concerning the recall of Granvelle Elaborate duplicity of Philip's arrangements His secret note to the Cardinal His dissembling letters to others Departure of Granvelle from the Netherlands Various opinions as to its cause Ludicrous conduct of Brederode and Hoogstraaten Fabulous statements in Granvelle's correspondence concerning his recall Universal mystification The Cardinal deceived by the King Granvelle in retirement His epicureanism Fears in the provinces as to his return Universal joy at his departure Representations to his discredit made by the Duchess to Philip Her hypocritical letters to the Cardinal Masquerade at Count Mansfeld's Chantonnay's advice to his brother Review of Granvelle's administration and estimate of his character.
Stoicism, Epicureanism, Scepticism, the "Orientalizing Hellenes," and the "Hellenizing Orientals," all by their restless, nervous, frequently erratic and aimless activity, bear witness to the fact that the mind of man has had revealed to it its own limitations, and is well on the way towards despair of ever arriving at truth.
They were attached to the conception of a thing: of an organized body instituted for a definite end, disciplined in a definite way, and remarkable for the possession of definite and concrete doctrine. One can talk, in speaking of the first three centuries, of stoicism, or epicureanism, or neoplatonism; but one cannot talk of "Christianism" or "Christism."
But the nymphs of that stream were dead, slain by philosophical questioning. The new poetic myth-making that still showed the influence of an old habit of mind was apt to be rather self-conscious and diffident, ending in something resembling the pathetic fallacy. Epicureanism on the other hand by employing the theory of evolution was able to unite man and nature once more.
English ladies too were much to his taste, and in his familiar letters he has described their charms with frank appreciation. Priest as he was, and strictly moral, he cultivated an innocent epicureanism, including the collection of manuscripts and the exposure of pretentious ignorance in high places. He felt imperfect sympathy with Luther, and his literary criticism would have made no reformation.
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