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A third was named "Cinque tempi:" a fourth "Moresca," which was played to a Moorish dance; a fifth, "Catena;" and a sixth, with a very appropriate designation, "Spallata," as if it were only fit to be played to dancers who were lame in the shoulder. This was the slowest and least in vogue of all.
If he learned many things at Paris, Cologne, and Naples, he was also educated by Chrysostom, by Augustine, and Ambrose. "It is impossible," says Cardinal Newman, and no authority is higher than his, "to read the Catena of Saint Thomas without being struck by the masterly skill with which he put it together.
Reverence for tradition was a very prominent feature in the theology of the older generation. They spent an immense amount of time, learning, and ingenuity in establishing a catena of patristic and orthodox authority for their principles, reaching back to the earliest times, and handed down in this country by a series of Anglo-Catholic divines.
And what is more, he made the whole staircase of hard-stone up to the floor where the Signori lived, fortifying it at the top and half-way up with a portcullis at each point, in case of tumults; and at the head of the staircase he made a door which was called the "catena," beside which there was ever standing an usher, who opened or closed it according as he was commanded by those in authority.
This is a proof that Catena was very susceptible to various influences, and was "an artist of extraordinary suppleness of mind, never too old to learn or to appreciate new ideals and new sentiments." The S. Jerome and the Warrior are among the most popular pictures in the National Gallery partly perhaps on account of their supposed illustrious parentage, but by no means entirely.
Cicero, Tusc. I happened to come by one day accidentally at Rome, just as they were upon executing Catena, a notorious robber: he was strangled without any emotion of the spectators, but when they came to cut him in quarters, the hangman gave not a blow that the people did not follow with a doleful cry and exclamation, as if every one had lent his sense of feeling to the miserable carcase.
Here is frangir, to break, frangere; affurer, to steal, fur; cadene, chain, catena. There is one word which crops up in every language of the continent, with a sort of mysterious power and authority.
Then he was employed in the melancholy task of carrying on Alva's detestable work in Flanders. See The Story of the Moors in Spain, p. 278. See the complete list in Girolamo Catena, Vita del gloriosissimo Papa Pio Quinto, 1587. Read the admirable and graphic description of the battle in Jurien de la Gravière, La Guerre de Chypre et la Bataille de Lepante, ii., 149-205.
We can now establish a catena of rappings and pour prendre date, can say that communications were established, through raps, with a so-called 'spirit, more than three hundred years before the 'Rochester knockings' in America. Very probably wider research would discover instances prior to that of Lyons; indeed, Wierus, in De Praestigiis Daemonum, writes as if the custom was common.
A state, therefore, 'ought to have those laws or customs, which may reach forth unto them just occasions of war. Shakespeare's 'Henry V' has been not unreasonably recommended by the Germans as 'good war-reading. It would be easy to compile a catena of bellicose maxims from our literature, reaching down to the end of the 19th century.
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