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Updated: June 28, 2025
Once domesticated in Palestine, with her name so changed as to declare her feminine character, Ashtoreth soon tended to lose her independence. Just as there were Baalim or "Baals" by the side of Baal, so there were Astaroth or "Ashtoreths" by the side of Ashtoreth. The Semites of Babylonia themselves had already begun the work of transformation.
On Sippar, see Sayce, Hibbert Lectures, etc., 168-169, who finds in the Old Testament form "Sepharvayim" a trace of this double Sippar. Dr. Ward's suggestion, however, in regard to Anbar, as representing this 'second' Sippar, is erroneous. E.g., in Southern Arabia. See W. Robertson Smith, The Religion of the Semites, I. 59.
Will you admire something more adapted to modern needs than those intemperate Hebrew doctrines; something with more delicately adjusted mechanism? The mendicant friar, that flower of Oriental ethics he is not up to date. He resembles all Semites. He lacks self-respect. He apologizes for being alive. It is not pretty to apologize for being alive!"
The strongly-marked Semites always excepted, there is not a man or woman among the saloon passengers who strikes me as a foreigner, a person of alien race. I do not feel my sympathies chill toward my very agreeable table-companion because he drinks ice-water at breakfast; and he views my tea with an eye of equal tolerance.
The Babylonian civilisation, with which we are best acquainted, was the result of this amalgamation of Sumerian and Semitic elements. Out of this mixture of Sumerians and Semites there arose a mixed people, a mixed language, and a mixed religion. The language and race of Babylonia were thus like those of England, probably also like those of Egypt.
No doubt in the ignorant popular mind material sacrifices came to be looked upon as possessing some virtue in themselves, but the intelligence of the nation never regarded them in this way. In the offering of a victim the worshipper symbolically offered himself. The Semites thought that the life of any organism was in the blood.
One point here is particularly far-sighted the severe watchfulness against all animism, spiritualism, worship of the dead, things in which the environing world of the Jews' fellow Semites was steeped.
At every point we come across evidence of this composite character of Babylonian culture, and the question as to the origin of the latter may, after all, resolve itself into the proposition that the contact of different races gave the intellectual impetus which is the first condition of a forward movement in civilization; and while it is possible that, at one stage, the greater share in the movement falls to the non-Semitic contingent, the Semites soon obtained the intellectual ascendency, and so absorbed the non-Semitic elements as to give to the culture resulting from the combination, the homogeneous character it presents on the surface.
As we have seen, the country of his adoption was such as to encourage the Semitic nomad's particularism, which was inherent in his tribal organization. Thus the predominance of a single racial element in the population of Palestine and Syria did little to break down or overstep the natural barriers and lines of cleavage. See Robertson Smith, Religion of the Semites, p. 12 f.; and cf. Smith, Hist.
Semitic origin of the Phoenicians Characteristics of the Semites Place of the Phoenicians within the Semitic group Connected linguistically with the Israelites and the Assyro- Babylonians Original seat of the nation, Lower Babylonia Special characteristics of the Phoenician people Industry and perseverance Audacity in enterprise Pliability and adaptability Acuteness of intellect Business capacity Charge made against them of bad faith Physical characteristics.
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