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Updated: May 29, 2025
Soon the so-called "puddling furnace" was invented, by means of which steel was produced much more economically than it could be earlier. Rolling mills run by steam then took the place of the hammers with which the steel had formerly been beaten into shape.
These three parts are given dimensions that vary according to the composition of the different coals, and they may be made to use any sort of coal, even the fine and schistose kinds which would not be suitable for ordinary puddling.
The men who were not busy at their claims or puddling, cradling or panning-off dishes by the creek, were breathlessly engaged upon the work of getting their canvas houses into order and be stowing their goods; newcomers passed unheeded, however boisterous. 'Before tea we'll have our pegs in here, Jim, said Mike joyfully.
Economy resulting from diminution in the waste of metal, with a consequent improvement in the quality of the products obtained. Diminution in cost of repairs. Less rapid wear in the grates. Improvement in the conditions of the work of puddling.
Athens may be about as wealthy a place as Carlow or Killarney the streets swarm with idle crowds, the innumerable little lanes flow over with dirty little children, they are playing and puddling about in the dirt everywhere, with great big eyes, yellow faces, and the queerest little gowns and skull-caps.
The successful substitution in modern times of machines for performing various operations which formerly seemed to require the intelligence and dexterity of a living being for their execution, justifies the expectation that the study now being given to the organization of industry will lead to the invention of machines which will obviate the necessity for human suffering in the process of puddling.
Consequently if the surface soil has any considerable proportion of clay there is danger of compacting and even puddling it by working when wet, to the great detriment of the crop. Again, a more or less sandy surface soil can be much more easily worked than one with a large proportion of clay.
Sam, Zeb, and Judson were to dig the holes, putting the surface dirt to the right, and the poor earth to the left; I was to prune the roots and keep tab on the labels; Johnson and Anderson were to set the trees, Anderson using a shovel and Johnson his hands, feet, and eyes; while Thompson was to puddle and distribute the trees. The puddling was easily done.
As regards the first of these advantages, it may be stated that the puddling of ordinary Ougree forge iron, which required with other furnaces 900 to 1,000 kilogrammes of coal, is now performed with less than 600 kilogrammes per ton of the iron produced. The puddling of fine grained iron which required 1,300 to 1,500 kilogrammes of coal is now done with 800.
Thus the steam would be decomposed and supply oxygen to the carbon of the cast-iron, while the mechanical action of the rush of steam upwards would cause so violent a commotion throughout the pool of melted iron as to exceed the utmost efforts of the labour of the puddler. All the gases would pass up the chimney of the puddling furnace, and the puddler would not be subject to their influence.
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