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Pedagogical Seminary, December, 1916, Vol. XXIII, pp. 550-569. Report of the U.S. Children's Bureau, 1917. Fowler, W. Warde. The Religious Experience of the Roman People. 504 pp. Macmillan. London, 1911. Fustel de Coulanges, Numa Denis. The Ancient City. Trans. from the latest French edition by Willard Small. 10th ed. Lee and Shepard. Boston, 1901. 529 pp. Gautier, Emile Théodore Léon.
Fustel de Coulanges, in his excellent work on Roman Gaul, justly remarks that the Roman Empire was in no wise maintained by force, but by the religious admiration it inspired.
Is it necessary to add that the ancestral spirits still 'rule the present from the past, and demand sacrifice, and speak to 'him who dreams, who, therefore, is a strong force in society, if not a chief? Mr. Herbert Spencer, Mr. Tylor, M. Fustel de Coulanges, a dozen others, have made all this matter of common notoriety.
In this connection, Fustel de Coulanges left a tradition behind him at the University of Paris. "He endeavoured," we are told, "to reduce the rules of method to very precise formulæ ...; in his view no task was more urgent than that of teaching students how to attain truth."
Among these men, some, like Renan, have been content to insert scattered observations in their general works or their occasional writings; others, as Fustel de Coulanges, Freeman, Droysen, Laurence, Stubbs, De Smedt, Von Pflugk-Harttung, and so on, have taken the trouble to express their thoughts on the subject in special treatises.
The works of the most celebrated historians of the nineteenth century, those who died but yesterday, Augustin Thierry, Ranke, Fustel de Coulanges, Taine, and others, are already battered and riddled with criticism. The faults of their methods have already been seen, defined, and condemned.
They have played quite too important a part in the life of the family, of the tribe, of the state; and that not merely here and there, but everywhere, in societies of all degrees of development, in recent centuries and in times of a hoary antiquity. Those interested in the classics have read the remarkable little book, "The Ancient City," by Fustel de Coulanges.
On this topic the reader may consult "The Threshold of Religion," by R. R. Marett, 1914. For the importance of this in the history of religion see Fustel de Coulanges' "The Ancient City." The perpetuation of this earlier stage of religion in China and Japan appears to make the transition to Free-thought easier than in countries where religion has under-gone a more advanced evolution.
In the case of all words of such classes it would be imprudent to assume a fixed meaning; it is an absolutely necessary precaution to ascertain what is the sense in which they are used in the text to be interpreted. "These studies of words," said Fustel de Coulanges, "have a great importance in historical science. A badly interpreted term may be the source of serious error."
Earle, John: Land Charters and Saxonic Documents, Introduction. Gomme, G. L.: The Village Community. Ashley, W. J.: A translation of Fustel de Coulanges, Origin of Property in Land, Introduction. Andrews, Charles M.: The Old English Manor, Introduction. Meitzen, August: Siedelung und Agrarwesen, Vol. II, Chap. 7.
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