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Updated: June 3, 2025
In the Ebro province not only was the army of Calvinus destroyed and he himself slain by the lieutenant of Sertorius, the quaestor Lucius Hirtuleius, but Lucius Manlius, the governor of Transalpine Gaul, who had crossed the Pyrenees with three legions to the help of his colleague, was totally defeated by the same brave leader.
This law therefore not only revived the plans of conquest beyond the Alps and the projects of Transalpine and transmarine colonization, which Gaius Gracchus and Flaccus had sketched, on the most extensive scale; but, by admitting the Italians along with the Romans to emigration and yet undoubtedly prescribing the erection of all the new communities as burgess-colonies, it formed a first step towards satisfying the claims to which it was so difficult to give effect, and which yet could not be in the long run refused of the Italians to be placed on an equality with the Romans.
Att. i. 19, in 693. V. VII. Wars and Revolts There That we may not deem this course of things incredible, or even impute to it deeper motives than ignorance and laziness in statesmen, we shall do well to realize the frivolous tone in which a distinguished senator like Cicero expresses himself in his correspondence respecting these important Transalpine affairs.
III. VI. In Italy III. III. The Celts Conquered by Rome III. VII. Liguria III. VII. Measures Adopted to Check the Immigration of the Transalpine Gauls III. VII. Liguria III. XI. The Nobility in Possession of the Equestrian Centuries III. V. Attitude of the Romans, III. VI. Conflicts in the South of Italy II. III. The Burgess-Body
It has been already mentioned that the Romans at the commencement of their Transalpine conquests found in the north a Britanno-Belgic league under the leadership of the Suessiones, and in central and southern Gaul the confederation of the Arverni, with which latter the Haedui, although having a weaker body of clients, carried on a rivalry.
"In the second period that of the sedentary state we observe the same race every where developing itself, or permanently settled, with social, religious, and political institutions, suited to its particular character original institutions, and civilization full of life and movement, of which Transalpine Gaul offers a model the purest and the most complete.
He was to have the great province of Cisalpine Gaul that is to say, the whole of what we now call Italy, from the foot of the Alps down to a line running from sea to sea just north of Florence. To this Transalpine Gaul was afterward added.
Presumptuous now from his success, he added, at his own private charge, more legions to those which he had received from the republic; among the former of which was one levied in Transalpine Gaul, and called by a Gallic name, Alauda , which he trained and armed in the Roman fashion, and afterwards conferred on it the freedom of the city.
What discontent was seething in Italy the Social War soon proved, and this was an attempt to appease it. Saturninus had previously proposed allotments in Africa; now he proposed to allot lands in Transalpine Gaul, Sicily, Achaia, and Macedonia, and to supply the colonists with an outfit from the treasure taken from Tolosa.
"The Gallic oxen especially are of good repute in Italy, for field labour forsooth; whereas the Ligurian are good for nothing." Here, no doubt, Cisalpine Gaul is referred to, but the cattle-husbandry there doubtless goes back to the Celtic epoch. Mus. Comp. Movers, Phoen. ii. 3, 167 seq. IV. V. Transalpine Relations of Rome IV. V. Defeat of Longinus IV. V. Transalpine Relations of Rome
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