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Updated: May 19, 2025
The aged Rabbi, stimulated by the Shamash, uplifted a quavering voice. 'The child will be found of a surety if, indeed, it is lost, he added with bitter sarcasm. 'And surely your Excellency cannot require the boy's blood at our hands ere your Excellency knows it is indeed spilt. 'You misunderstand me, old dog or rather you pretend to, old fox.
Since Ur, as we shall see, was sacred to the moon-god, it is hardly likely that the Shamash cult was introduced at Larsa by the rulers of Ur. The kings of Ur would not have forfeited the protection of Sin, by any manifestation of preference for Shamash.
At that time there was already a sanctuary to Anunit within the precincts of E-Babbara. Members of the Cassite dynasty devote themselves to the restoration of this sanctuary. Through a subsequent invasion of the nomads, the cult was interrupted and the great statue of Shamash destroyed.
A prayer of the same king addressed to Shamash, upon restoring the great temple at Sippar, E-babbara, runs: O Shamash, great lord, upon entering joyfully into thy glorious temple E-babbara, Look with favor upon my precious handiwork, Mercy towards me be thy command; Through thy righteous order, may I have abundance of strength. Long life, and a firm throne, grant to me. May my rule last forever!
Much importance was attached to this rite, and the kings take frequent occasion to adjure their successors who may in the course of restoring edifices come across stones bearing the record of former builders, to anoint these stones with oil and offer sacrifices. Thus, Nabonnedos, when he finds the inscription of Ashurbanabal in the Shamash temple at Sippar, carefully obeys the injunction.
The situation of Harran the name itself signifies 'road' as the highway leading to the west, must have been an important factor, in bringing this about. However this may be, Sin and Nannar are as thoroughly identical in the period following Hammurabi, as Babbar and Shamash. The attributes of the one are transferred to the other so completely, that a separation of the two is no longer possible.
The king relates that the great gods Ashur, Bel, and Shamash, and the goddess Ishtar, the queen of heaven and earth, marched at the head of his warriors when he set out upon the expedition.
It is after he has succeeded in making Babylon the capital of a great kingdom that he proceeds to improve the temple of Innanna. Bel and the Triad of Babylonian Theology. Among the literary remains of Hammurabi's days we have a hymn in which the chief gods worshipped by the king are enumerated in succession. The list begins with Bel, and then mentions Sin, Ninib, Ishtar, Shamash, and Ramman.
After the days of Ramman-nirari, however, Ashur's precedence over all other gods is established. Whether associated with Bel or with Ramman, or with Shamash and Ramman, or with a larger representation of the pantheon, Ashur is invariably mentioned first.
Both names, moreover, occur as parts of proper names in the age of Hammurabi. Malik i.e., ruler is one of the names frequently assigned to Shamash, just as the god's consort was known as Malkatu, but for all that Malik is not the same as Shamash. Accompanying the inscription of Nabubaliddin is a design representing the sun-god seated in his shrine.
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