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Updated: May 9, 2025
You are a play-actor that is what you are. Put it from you. Be a man. Yes, consider Nippur, and be a man. One lesson these ancient ruins teach the nothingness of fame, and that the only things in life worth while are love and duty.
From Naram-Sin, ruler of Agade, on through the period of Cassite rule, the kings of Nippur proudly include in their titles that of 'builder of the Temple of Bel at Nippur, measuring their attachment to the deity by the additions and repairs made to his sacred edifice. Besides the kings of Agade, the rulers of other places pay their devotions to Bel of Nippur.
At the period when the kings of Ur extend their rule over Nippur, they, too, do not omit to refer to the distinction of having been called to the service of the great god at his temple. The name signifies, 'He has founded the city, the subject of the verb being some deity whose name is omitted.
Hilprecht, Old Babylonian Inscriptions chiefly from Nippur, 1893. Records of the Past, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11. Sayce's Hibbert Lectures, 1887. Tiele, Egyptische en Mesopotamische Godsdiensten. Jastrow, The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria, 1898. The most complete account of the whole subject. Jastrow, "Religion of Babylonia," in Dictionary of the Bible, vol. v.
The last two phases can best be set forth when we come to the period, marked by the political supremacy of the city of Babylon. It is sufficient, at this point, to have made clear his position as god of Nippur. Nin-lil or Belit. The consort of En-lil is Nin-Lil, the 'mistress of the lower world. She is known also as Belit, the feminine form to Bel, i.e., the lady par excellence.
These would correspond to the Antediluvian dynasty of Berossus, the last member of which was Xisuthros, the later counterpart of Ziusudu. In support of the exclusion of Nippur and Erech from the myth, it will be noted that the second city in the list is not Adab, which was probably the principal seat of the goddess Ninkharsagga, the fourth of the creating deities.
In some places it was the moon god Sin, as at Haran and Ur beside the desert; elsewhere, as at Nippur, Bel, or at Eridu near the Persian Gulf, Ea, the god of the great deep, was revered. In the name of the local deity offerings were brought, hymns were sung, and traditions were treasured, which extolled his might. The life of these little city states centred about the temple and its cult.
* It will be noted that the Babylonian dynasties are referred to throughout this volume as "First Dynasty," "Second Dynasty," "Third Dynasty," etc. They are thus distinguished from the Egyptian dynasties, the order of which is indicated by Roman numerals, e.g. "Ist Dynasty," "IId Dynasty," "IIId Dynasty." The American excavators at Nippur, under the direction of Mr.
Additionally, from shelves set up in the days of Khammurabi the Amraphel of Genesis Nippur has yielded ghostly tablets and Borsippa treasuries of Babylonian ken. These, the eldest revelations of the divine, are the last that man has deciphered. The altars and people that heard them first, the marble temples, the ivory palaces, the murderous throngs, are dust.
However this may be, there can be no doubt that the structures of various size found around the zikkurat at Nippur served as dwellings for the priests and the temple attendants, as stalls for the temple cattle, as shops for the manufacture and sale of votive objects, and the like.
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