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Leon, Histoire des corporations des metiers . See also, for advanced study of trade-routes, Wilhelm Heyd, Geschichte des Levantehandels im Mittelalter, 2 vols. , with a French trans. GENERAL TREATMENTS OF EXPLORATION AND COLONIZATION. Cambridge Modern History, Vol. IV, ch. xxii, xxiii, and Vol.
On town-life in the Netherlands: Henri Pirenne, Belgian Democracy: its Early History, trans. by J. V. Saunders . On town-life in the Germanies: Helen Zimmern, The Hansa Towns in "Story of the Nations" Series; Karl von Hegel, Staedte und Gilden der germanischen Volker im Mittelalter, 2 vols. , the standard treatise in German. On French gilds: Martin St.
Hagelstange, in a chapter on mediæval festivals in his Süddeutsches Bauernleben im Mittelalter, shows how, in these Christian orgies which were really of pagan origin, the German people reacted with tremendous and boisterous energy against the laborious and monotonous existence of everyday life. This was clearly realized by the more intelligent upholders of the Feast of Fools.
Beneficialwesens, etc.; Secretan, Essai sur la Feodalite; Smith, T., English Guilds ; WILDA, Das Gildenwesen im Mittelalter ; Seignobos, The Feudal Regime. Works on the Crusades. G. W. COX, The Crusades ; also, art. Crusades in the Encycl. For works on Mohammedanism and the Arabic kingdom, see p. 232.
The very subordinate position of the mediæval German woman is set forth by Hagelstange, Süddeutsches Bauernleben in Mittelalter, 1898, pp. 70 et seq. Howard, op. cit., vol. i, p. 259; Smith and Cheetham, Dictionary of Christian Antiquities, art. Arrhæ.
After Siegfried's death, and this is true, she dwelt with many a grief full thirteen years, that she could not forget the warrior's death. She was true to him, as most folk owned. On this custom see Weinhold, "Deutsche Frauen im Mittelalter", i, p. 402. "A1berich", see Adventure III, note 8. It is characteristic of the poem that even this dwarf is turned into a knight.
The sources of the anatomical knowledge of the Middle Ages are discussed in detail in the following works: R. R. von Töply, Studien zur Geschichte der Anatomie im Mittelalter, Vienna, 1898; K. Sudhoff, Tradition und Naturbeobachtung, Leipzig, 1907; and also numerous articles in the Archiv für Geschichte der Medizin und Naturwissenschaften; Charles Singer, 'A Study in Early Renaissance Anatomy', in Studies in the History and Method of Science, vol. i, Oxford, 1917.
Ferrari, Histoire des revolutions d'Italie, i. 257; Kallsen, Die deutschen Stadte im Mittelalter, Bd. See the excellent remarks of Mr. It must, however, be remarked that in royal cities the folkmote never attained the independence which it assumed elsewhere.
Dominated by this feeling, he wrote the two admirable sketches: Die Bedeutung der Juden fuer Erhaltung und Wiederbelebung der Wissenschaften im Mittelalter and Die Romantik des Martyriums bei den Juden im Mittelalter . According to his own confession, the impulse to write them was "the wish to take at least the first step toward making partial amends for the unspeakable wrong inflicted by Christians upon Jews."
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