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Updated: May 5, 2025
Corresponding to each male deity was a female deity: thus, the consort of Marduk was Ishtar, while that of Bel was Belit. Furthermore, the ancient myths appear to have been, cooerdinated, so that from this time on Babylonian, theology presents a certain unity and symmetry, although one is constantly reminded of the very different elements out of which it had been built up.
At various times, as we have seen, Nabu formed a serious rival to Marduk, and it will be recalled that up to a late period we find Nabu given the preference to Marduk in official documents. The inseparable association of E-Sagila and E-Zida is a tribute to Nabu which, we may feel certain, the priests of Marduk did not offer willingly.
Under the growing influence of the Marduk cult and of such deities as Ninib, Nergal, and Nabu, associated with Marduk mythologically or politically, the old moon worship lost much of its prestige; but in astronomical science, the former independent rank of the moon is still in large measure preserved. In the enumeration of the planets the moon is mentioned first.
By the time the ship came out, with the yellow sun of Tanith in the middle of the screen, he knew a great deal about Hitler, occasionally referred to as Schicklgruber, and he understood, with sorrow, how the lights of civilization on Marduk were going out.
The gods, especially Marduk, Ishtar, Shamash, and Ramman, by putting 'grace' into the omens, could at any time change them into favorable indications. Vorgeschichte der Indo-Europaer, pp. 221 seq. E.g., IIIR. 51. Ib. no. 1. The 1st month of the year. IIIR. 51. no. 2. Ib. no. 3. IIIR. 51, no. 9. Ib. no. 7. What the station of this official was we are not told. IIIR. 58, no. 7.
Nebuchadnezzar is obliged to rebuild parts of E-Babbara, and the last king of Babylonia, Nabonnedos, is so active in his building operations at Sippar that he arouses the anger of the priests of Babylon, who feel that their ruler is neglecting the sanctuaries of Marduk and Nabu.
Nabu's consort having thus been transferred to Marduk, a new mate had to be found for the former, when once his rivalry was no longer to be dreaded, and his cult again rose to prominence.
Ishtar is the goddess of fertility, and the sixth month, which represents the culmination of the summer season, is accordingly devoted to her. Marduk and Nergal come next, the eighth month, Marcheshwan, being sacred to the former, the ninth Kislev to the great warrior Nergal.
We must distinguish, then, in the case of En-lil, at least four phases: 1. His original rôle as a local deity; The extension of his power to the grade of a great 'lord' over a large district; Dissociation from local origins to become the supreme lord of the lower world; and The transfer of his name and powers as god of Nippur to Marduk, the god of Babylon.
Throughout, the tablet describing the contest of Marduk with Tiâmat, Marduk is called Bel, and while this name is used in the generic sense of "lord," the transference of the name of Bel to Marduk is evidently introduced to account for his assuming the prerogatives belonging to another god. The original 'lord' was En-lil of Nippur.
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