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Updated: May 18, 2025
And of the Arcadian side the good old Kalander striving more than his old age could achieve, was taken prisoner, but being led towards the captain of the Helots, whom should he see next the captain but his son Clitophon! Also he assured them he would bring with him Clitophon's friend. Araglus, till then kept in close prison, or he would die.
Now these same Helots, though forced into the field by the arbitrary authority of the chieftains under whom they hewed wood and drew water, were in general very sparingly fed, ill dressed, and worse armed.
The Krypteia was this: the leaders of the young men used at intervals to send the most discreet of them into different parts of the country, equipped with daggers and necessary food; in the daytime these men used to conceal themselves in unfrequented spots, and take their rest, but at night they would come down into the roads and murder any Helots they found.
Most of the Athenian generals thought this a silly and insolent proceeding of Pausanias, that he should leave all the other Greeks in their place, and march them backwards and forward like helots, only to place them opposite the bravest troops of the enemy.
One result of this demand for military material was that the helots of former days were relieved from the badge of slavery and became hereditary retainers of provincial nobles, nothing of their old bondage remaining except that their lives were at the mercy of their masters.
Agesilaus, therefore, coming into the public assembly, offered his service, upon condition that he might have thirty Spartans for captains and counselors, two thousand chosen men of the newly enfranchised helots, and allies to the number of six thousand.
These forces urged him to invade Laconia itself, and his great army, in four divisions, penetrated the country through different passes. He crossed the Eurotas and advanced to Sparta, which was in the greatest consternation, not merely from the near presence of Epaminondas with a powerful army of seventy thousand men, but from the discontent of the Helots.
Revolt of Helots, Occupation of Ithome, and Third Messenian War. Rise and Character of Pericles. Prosecution and Acquittal of Cimon. The Athenians assist the Spartans at Ithome. Thasos Surrenders. Breach between the Athenians and Spartans. Constitutional Innovations at Athens. Ostracism of Cimon. IV War between Megara and Corinth. Megara and Pegae garrisoned by Athenians.
The statue of Themistocles, existent six hundred years after his decease, exhibited to his countrymen an aspect as heroical as his deeds. We return to Cimon Reduction of Naxos. Actions off Cyprus. Manners of Cimon. Improvements in Athens. Colony at the Nine Ways. Siege of Thasos. Earthquake in Sparta. Revolt of Helots, Occupation of Ithome, and Third Messenian War. Rise and Character of Pericles.
I myself have sometimes wondered at the pleasure some Old World critics have professed to find in the most lawless freaks of New World literature. I have questioned whether their delight was not like that of the Spartans in the drunken antics of their Helots. But I suppose I belong to another age, and must not attempt to judge the present by my old-fashioned standards.
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