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Updated: June 3, 2025
From this tissue activity, which is mainly oxidation, are formed certain waste products which, as we have seen, are absorbed by the capillaries and lymphatics and carried into the venous circulation. In their passage through the blood and tissues, the albumens, sugars, starches, and fats are converted into carbon dioxid, water, and urea, or some closely allied body.
In the first case, water and liquids must be denied as far as possible, the same as if there was no augmentation of urea; in the second, the same as if there was diminution of urea, the patients may be permitted to imbibe fluids at pleasure.
It has already been intimated, the chief feature of the treatment of obesity is acceleration of the exchanges; and this is in the main true, though it must also be borne in mind that, while there are obese who excrete little urea and have a depressed central nervous temperature, many may be azoturic, and besides eliminate phosphate in excess, when an oxidating treatment will not only fail, but prove positively injurious.
Both of these substances express the result of oxidations going on in the body. The urea and uric acids represent the final result of the breaking down in the body of nitrogenous substances, of which albumen is the type. Unusual constituents of the urine are albumen, sugar, and bile.
Every word uttered by a speaker costs him some physical loss; and, in the strictest sense, he burns that others may have light so much eloquence, so much of his body resolved into carbonic acid, water, and urea. It is clear that this process of expenditure cannot go on for ever.
And, again inversely, cyamelide can be converted into cyanuric acid and hydrated cyanic acid. We have three other bodies which pass through similar changes, in aldehyde, metaldehyde, and etaldehyde; and, again two, in urea and cyanuret of ammonia. Further, 100 parts of aldehyde hydrated butyric acid and acetic ether contain the same elements in the same proportion.
We are unable to see the matter in the same light as our learned colleague does; to our thinking, we should be labouring under a great delusion were we to suppose "that it is quite as serious an omission not to determine the animal or vegetable nature of a ferment as it would be to confound nitrogen with hydrogen or urea with stearine."
Such are Mycoderma aceti, which converts the alcohol of fermented beverages into vinegar; Micrococcus ureae, which converts the urea of urine into carbonate of ammonia, and Micrococcus nitrificans, which converts nitrogenized matters into intrates, etc.
This acid is found in persons of a gouty tendency, such tendencies being a great deal more common than is imagined. It is really a waste product formed by the activity of the body cells, and should properly be mainly transformed into urea and so excreted.
While the chief work of the liver is perhaps not that of excretion, its functions may here be summarized. The liver is, first of all, a manufacturing organ, producing, as we have seen, three distinct products—bile, glycogen, and urea.
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