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Updated: June 25, 2025
That the posterior cornu of the lateral ventricle is neither peculiar to, nor characteristic of, man, inasmuch as it also exists in the higher quadrumana." That the 'hippocampus minor' is neither pecular to, nor characteristic of, man, as it is found in certain of the higher quadrumana." Schroeder van der Kolk and Vrolik's first Plate.
As small unimportant points of resemblance between man and the Quadrumana are not commonly noticed in systematic works, and as, when numerous, they clearly reveal our relationship, I will specify a few such points.
It was on account of this peculiarity that the great French naturalist Cuvier named the whole group of monkeys Quadrumana, or four-handed animals, because, besides the two hands on their fore-limbs, they have also two hands in place of feet on their hind-limbs.
With the exception of the Orangutan, the Siamang, the Tarsius spectrum, and the Galeopithecus, all the Malayan genera of Quadrumana are represented in India by closely allied species, although, owing to the limited range of most of these animals, so few are absolutely identical.
Alexis, however, was under the impression that monkeys of some kind were making the strange noises for not only are there many species of these in the forests of the Napo, but some that can imitate the voices of other animals. Of course, with monkeys, there could be no danger: since none of the American quadrumana are large enough or strong enough to attempt an attack upon man.
He will be forced to admit that the close resemblance of the embryo of man to that, for instance, of a dog the construction of his skull, limbs and whole frame on the same plan with that of other mammals, independently of the uses to which the parts may be put the occasional re-appearance of various structures, for instance of several muscles, which man does not normally possess, but which are common to the Quadrumana and a crowd of analogous facts all point in the plainest manner to the conclusion that man is the co-descendant with other mammals of a common progenitor.
Tested by that standard, the difference between the intelligence of the higher quadrumana the anthropoid apes, the baboons, and several species of the macaques and that of their dumb fellow-creatures is so pronounced that it amounts to a difference of kind as well as of degree.
Separated as a group of ordinal value, placed at the same distance from the ape as the latter from the carnivore, Man is at once too near and too distant from the higher mammalia too near if we take into account those elevated faculties, which, raising Man above all other organised beings, accord to him not only the first, but a separate place in the creation too far if we merely consider the organic affinities which unite him with the quadrumana; with the apes especially, which, in a purely physical point of view, approach Man more nearly than they do the lemurs."
It is fairly well developed in the two lower divisions of the mammalian series, namely, in the monotremata and marsupials, and in some few of the higher mammals, as in the walrus. But in man, the quadrumana, and most other mammals, it exists, as is admitted by all anatomists, as a mere rudiment, called the semilunar fold. Muller's 'Elements of Physiology, Eng. translat. 1842, vol. ii. p. 1117.
In an earlier chapter we have seen that the mental powers of the higher animals do not differ in kind, though greatly in degree, from the corresponding powers of man, especially of the lower and barbarous races; and it would appear that even their taste for the beautiful is not widely different from that of the Quadrumana.
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