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Updated: June 20, 2025
Next day, in the great throne-room of the palace, the king-maker delivered to the King the plebiscites of the Two Sicilies. Garibaldi had nothing more to do except to pay a last visit to Admiral Mundy, whose flagship still lay at anchor in the bay. This duty was performed in the grey dawn of the 9th of November.
The electoral and legislative combinations of Sieyes. Bonaparte's use of them. Paralysis and submission of the three legislative bodies. The Senate as the ruler's tool. Senatus-consultes and Plebiscites. Final establishment of the Dictatorship. Its dangers and necessity. Public power now able to do its work.
The formula adopted at Naples was more broadly framed than in the previous plebiscites; it ran: 'The people desire an united Italy under the sceptre of the House of Savoy. The vote was almost unanimous. On the 7th of November, Victor Emmanuel made his entry into Naples, with Garibaldi at his side.
Napoleon III. enjoyed proclaiming himself the great champion of universal suffrage, although what his plébiscites really were the caustic pen of Kinglake has told us.
Much of what Germany had won by the mailed fist Alsace-Lorraine, Posen, and West Prussia was taken away, while the presumptive Belgian lands of Eupen and Malmedy, the indubitably German Saar district, Danish Schleswig, and disputed territories in Upper Silesia and East Prussia were reserved for determination by plebiscites held under the auspices of the League of Nations.
Why, "against his conviction," as he confessed in private, did he declare that Nice was not Italian? Why go through the farce of plebiscites so "arranged" that the result was a foregone conclusion?
For fifteen years from the date of the treaty the government of the territory was put in the hands of the League of Nations as trustee; after fifteen years the population, entirely German, should be called to decide under what government they desired to live. Meanwhile the French douane rules in the Saar. It was open to the treaty to adopt or not to adopt the system of plebiscites.
Superfluous because the Francophil sentiments of the people are supposed to be beyond all doubt, and mischievous because plebiscites or substitutes for plebiscites could have only a bolshevizing effect on Orientals. Seemingly yielding to these considerations, the Supreme Council abandoned the scheme and the members of the mission made other plans.
After the passing, however, of the statute called the lex Hortensia, plebiscites acquired for the first time the force of statutes. 5 A senatusconsult is a command and ordinance of the senate, for when the Roman people had been so increased that it was difficult to assemble it together for the purpose of enacting statutes, it seemed right that the senate should be consulted instead of the people.
The same may be said of the decision to provide for plebiscites in East Prussia and in upper Silesia. On the other hand, the refusal to permit the incorporation of the new, lesser Austria within Germany was at once unjust and unwise a concession to the most shortsighted of old-style diplomatic principles.
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