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Updated: May 28, 2025
We were told that the explanation of this was, that this Jain delegation was drawn from many parts of India, and that each man wore the turban that was in vogue in his own region. This diversity of turbans made a beautiful effect. I could have wished to start a rival exhibition there, of Christian hats and clothes.
After descending the column, I wandered awhile amidst the ruins at its foot, some of which looked very much as if they were of Jain origin, and then returned to a desirable tomb, which the hospitable commissioner has converted into a delightful retreat from the noisy city.
We also find allusions in Buddhist and Jain works as well as in the inscriptions of Asoka to popular festivals or fairs called Samajjas which were held on the tops of hills and seem to have included music, recitations, dancing and perhaps dramatic performances.
Important but not peculiar to Jainism is the doctrine of the periodical appearance of great teachers who from time to time restore the true faith . The same idea meets us in the fourteen Manus, the incarnations of Vishnu, and the series of Buddhas who preceded Gotama. According to the Jain scriptures all Jinas are born in the warrior caste, never among Brahmans.
The end of this dynasty was partly due to the usurpation of a Jain named Bijjala in whose reign the sect of the Lingâyats arose. We must now turn to an event of great historical importance although its details are not relevant to the subject of this book, namely the Mohammedan conquest. Three periods in it may be recognized.
In India the "kaddam rassul," or supposed impression of Mohammed's foot in clay, which is kept moist, and enclosed in a sort of cage, is not unfrequently placed at the head of the gravestones of the followers of Islam. On the summit of a mountain one hundred and thirty-six miles south of Bhagalpur is one of the principal places of Jain worship in India.
A Jain temple was so hemmed in by streets that its appearance was much impaired, but the interior was beautiful in design and finish.
It is not enough to secure that there be sufficient "caloric units" in the men's rations; there are questions of taste. The Brahmin will not touch beef; the Mahomedan turns up his nose at pork; the Jain is a vegetarian; the Ghurkha loves the flesh of the goat. And every Indian must have his ginger, garlic, red chilli, and turmeric, and his chupattis of unleavened bread.
According to one story Bijjala, who was a Jain, persecuted the Lingâyats and was assassinated by them. But there are other versions and the early legends of the sect merit little credence. The Lingâyats are Puritans. They reject caste, the supremacy of the Brahmans, sacrifices and other rites, and all the later Brahmanic literature.
This event may be likened to the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes." Jain, "Choix de documents et lettres privees trouvees dans des papiers de famille," p.144. Report by a member of the Piques section, September 8 and 10, 1793. Cf. the petitions of traders and lawyers imprisoned at Troyes, Strasbourg, Bordeaux, etc. Archives Nationales, AF.,II., 271.
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