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Updated: June 7, 2025
We can understand what alarm this great heathen reaction in Provence and Aquitaine awoke in France, and in the minds of the popes. Innocent III. at first employed against the Albigenses only spiritual and legitimate weapons; before proscribing he tried to convert them, but when they murdered his emissary, Peter de Castelnau, in 1208, he proclaimed a Holy War against them.
It was ten o'clock that Sunday night when he got into his automobile to be whirled from the Marne to the Somme. At four in the morning he was at Breteuil, where General Castelnau had the headquarters of his new army, created on September 20 and designated to service on Manoury's left. General Castelnau had not yet heard of the generalissimo's new order.
But General Castelnau and General Foch, between them, retrieved the disaster. On the 23rd, 24th, and 25th there was fierce fighting on and near this hill on which we stood.
Urged by General Castelnau, the marshal was steadily concentrating his troops. The foreign representatives were fast leaving the country. Unmistakable symptoms of a final collapse were everywhere visible, and all who had been in any way conspicuous in their sympathy with the intervention or the empire were anxiously preparing for the catastrophe.
The old ruin of Castelnau was perched on one of the most heavily wooded mountains in the neighborhood, and its reddish stone turrets and towers stood out boldly against the sky. By looking over and beyond the wall surrounding my uncle's garden I could see the ancient castle.
As it happened, my bookseller had a gorgeous work on insects for sale. Castelnau was born in London and died at Melbourne. No matter: was not my splendid income supposed to cover everything, food for the mind as well as food for the body? Anything extra that I gave to the one I could save upon the other; a method of balancing painfully familiar to those who look to science for their livelihood.
On October 4, 1914, he called on General Foch in the north and charged him with the duty of coordinating the action of all the armies in that region: those of De Castelnau, Maud'huy, and the territorial divisions. At the beginning of October the British army, which was posted on the Aisne, was transferred to the left of the French armies and replaced by the armies of Manoury and d'Espérey.
This complete readiness was beyond his power to effect. But in his province the army he achieved marvels that were almost miracles. Together, these two men, brilliantly supported by some of Joffre's colleagues in the Superior Council notably Pau and Castelnau achieved results that have been pronounced "unparalleled in the history of the Third Republic."
Foch and Castelnau, and Manoury are no longer in command, while Galliéni, worn out in the service of his country, was borne on his last journey through the streets of Paris on a sunny spring day in 1916. "Even Joffre has been superseded in a military sense, though not as an idol of the nation.
He not unnaturally felt a strong desire to remain a stumbling-block in the way of negotiations which to him seemed treacherous and infamous. When General Castelnau arrived he was hesitating. The presence of Napoleon's aide-de-camp was not calculated to soothe his feelings. The return of General Miramon and General Marquez at this crisis again turned the tide of events.
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