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Updated: April 30, 2025
The large nation states to which we are accustomed make it difficult for us to think that the state could be constructed and modelled to express the good life. We can appreciate Aristotle's critical analysis of constitutions, but find it hard to take seriously his advice to the legislator. Moreover, the idealism and the empiricism of the Politics are never really reconciled by Aristotle himself.
As for the greatest of the Greeks a keen pleasure, intellectual and aesthetic, awaits the man who turns to Plato's Republic and his Laws. Jowett's great translation is in every public library. And we must read Aristotle's Nichomachean Ethics and his Politics. Here little attention is given to artistic form; but the preternatural acuteness of the man is overpowering.
Of Aristotle's ten categories it leaves only the first, Substance, and that only in its narrowest sense of Primary Substance. But a substance or body might be regarded in four ways simply as a body as a body of a particular kind as a body in a particular state as a body in a particular relation. Hence result the four Stoic categories of substrates suchlike so disposed so related
The first impulse of our revulsion from the self-infatuated poet is to confute him with the potent name of Aristotle, and show him his doom foreordained in the book of poetic Revelations. We may regret that we have not Aristotle's sanction for condemning also extra-poetical advertisements of the poet's personality, as a hindrance to our seeing the ideal world through his poetry.
For which Reason, though he has admirably succeeded in the tender and melting Part of his Tragedies, he sometimes falls into too great a Familiarity of Phrase in those Parts, which, by Aristotle's Rule, ought to have been raised and supported by the Dignity of Expression.
Dante, for example, derives from Aristotle's definition, 'Nobility rests on excellence and inherited wealth, his own saying, 'Nobility rests on personal excellence or on that of forefathers. But elsewhere he is not satisfied with this conclusion.
But hardly was Aristotle's letter communicated to Antony, than visions began to float in his ardent brain. 'To Muscovy! cried the voice of destiny 'To Muscovy! echoed through his soul, like a cry remembered from infancy.
Pity and fear, or "these and suchlike," thus including all emotions that tragedy could bring to expression? <1> S.H. Butcher, Aristotle's Theory of Poetry and Fine Art, 1895. Our knowledge of the severely moral bent of the explicit art criticism of the Greeks has inclined many to accept the first interpretation; and modern interests impel in the same direction.
If we ask ourselves what is the matter with Aristotle's argument, we find that he has begun by erecting a great barrier between himself and the facts. When he had said that those who are slaves are by nature intended to be slaves, he at one stroke excluded the fatal question whether those particular men who happened to be slaves were the particular men intended by nature to be slaves.
In the main that revival was based on translations from Arabic, but a certain number of works were also rendered direct from the Greek. During the thirteenth century Aristotle's scientific works began to be treated in this way, but more important for the course of medicine were those of Galen, and they had to wait till the following century.
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