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These plays were not as enthusiastically received as El Trovador, and Gutiérrez regarded the public as unjust to him. In 1844 he went to Havana, and thence to Mérida de Yucatán; returning to Spain after five years' absence. He died August 26, 1884. El Trovador is undoubtedly Gutiérrez' masterpiece. Interest in the play is quickly aroused, and well sustained by the rapidity of the action.
These somewhat somber themes in time failed to satisfy the popular will and gradually subjects of a more secular nature were introduced. This innovation in England and France was the signal for the disappearance of the sacred plays; but not so in Spain, where they were continued several centuries, under the title of autos, after they had disappeared in other parts of Europe.
He knew of the elegant conceits of linguistic expression and used them sparingly in his plays, but usually his language was, like the ideas which he expressed, the speech of the public which he sought to please, not slighting the grandiloquent phraseology to which the Spanish language is so well adapted.
It is found in the early Spanish dramas, and the debt to Italy is unmistakable; for example, in La Celestina the name of one of the leading servant characters Parmeno is the same as appears in the three plays of Terence: Eunuchus, Adelphi, and Hecyra. And in the hands of Rojas and Naharro the type is not markedly different from the Latin and Italian originals.
Lope de Vega found the Spanish drama a mass of incongruities without form, preponderating influence, or type, he left it in every detail a well-organized, national drama, so perfect that, though his successors polished it, they added nothing to its form. When or how he began this great work, it is not certain. He says in his works that he wrote plays as early as his eleventh year and conceived them even younger, and we have one of his plays, El Verdadero Amante, written, as has been mentioned, when he was twelve, but corrected and published many years later. Of all his plays written before his banishment, little is known but it is natural to suppose that they resembled in a measure the works of predecessors, for this period must be considered the apprenticeship of Lope. Though written for the author's pleasure, they were evidently numerous, for Cervantes says that Lope de Vega "filled the world with his own comedias, happily and judiciously planned, and so many that they covered more than ten thousand sheets." That his merit was soon appreciated is evident from the fact that theatrical managers were anxious to have these early compositions and that during his banishment he supported himself and family in Valencia by selling plays and probably kept the best troupes of the land stocked with his works alone. Of the number of his works the figures are almost incredible. In El Peregrino en su Patria, published in 1604, he gives a list of his plays, which up to that time numbered two hundred and nineteen; in 1609 he says, in El Arte Nuevo de hacer Comedias, that the number was then four hundred and eighty-three; in prologues or prefaces of his works Lope tells us that he had written eight hundred plays in 1618, nine hundred in 1619 and one thousand and seventy in 1625. In the
In this respect Madrid, the capital, may be considered as representative of the most advanced type. In that city the plays were given in corrales or open spaces surrounded on all sides by houses except the side nearest the street.
It too is one of the few plays of the poet which have continued down to recent times in the favor of the Spanish theater-going public, perhaps in the end the most trustworthy critic.
Tal es también la fuente de la obra de Shakespeare, titulada Taming of the shrew; una comedia inglesa más antigua, impresa en los Six old plays, y la Jeppe paa Bierge, de Holberg; pero Calderón ha considerado, bajo su aspecto formal y serio, el motivo cómico usado en las obras anteriores para representar la idea de la nada de la vida humana en su duración transitoria.
Este mismo Dodsley conocía tan poco el teatro español, que en su Collection of old plays, la comedia copiada que se titula Elvira or the worst not always true y The Adventures of five hours, aparecen como originales ingleses, siendo sus modelos españoles, y de los más conocidos y populares, y estando además insertos en el Theâtre espagnol de Linguet .
Don Bernardo, of whom we see but little, recalls don Diègue of Corneille, to whom he is directly related, for Guillén de Castro is a worthy disciple of Lope de Vega and wrote many plays, including las Mocedades del Cid, in his manner, and Corneille's indebtedness to the former is too well known to need explanation.
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