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Without seeking further we may well recall the place they have in the works of both Plautus and Terence. The early Italian comedies inherit this character from the Latins, and it appears in most of the plays of Ariosto, Machiavelli, and Aretino.

=Levantó la cabeza=, note the use of definite article instead of possessive pronoun. =No pudo menos de reírse=, he could not help laughing. =Cuando se la da cuerda=, when it is wound up. =Al salir de=, on coming from. =Me hago como que no la veo=, I'll make out that I don't see her. =A quien acabo de encontrar=, whom I have just found.

The theater of the Golden Age of Spanish letters occupies a position unique in the history of the theaters of modern Europe, for it is practically free from foreign influence and is largely the product of the popular will.

On the Spanish stage, woman had always had a secondary rôle, not only because she was not fully appreciated, but also because the rôle was usually taken by boys, for women were long prohibited from the stage. "Lope, the expert in gallantry, in manners, in observation, placed her in her true setting, as an ideal, as the mainspring of dramatic motive and of chivalrous conduct."

And through it all the peninsula was rent by civil discord. Spain sank to the lowest level of inefficiency and corruption, and was forced to drink the bitter dregs of humiliation and despair. But from her travail there came a new birth. With the expulsion of Isabel II in 1868, Spain entered upon a new life.

Philip III died in 1621, leaving the vast realm which he had inherited from his father, the gloomy though mighty Philip II, to his son, a youth of sixteen years, who came to the throne under the title of Philip IV. If Philip III was ruled by Lerma and Uceda, Philip IV, in his turn, was completely under the domination of the unprincipled Olivares, and his accession initiated one of the most interesting and most corrupt reigns that Spain has ever known.

Benito Pérez Galdós, the author of the following drama, was born May 10, 1845, at Las Palmas, in the Canary Islands. Through modesty, or reserve, he has withheld every biographical detail concerning his early life. In fact his biographer, Leopoldo Alas, tells us that it was only with the greatest difficulty he obtained from him the admission that he was born in the Canary Islands.

And Alexandre Hardy, the French playwright and contemporary of Lope de Vega, who borrowed largely from the latter both in method and detail, so styled many of his works.

Both are given sufficient elements of good to dismiss them at the close with the partial realization of their desires. One character particularly local to Spanish literature is the Indiano. In general usage the term is applied to those who enter Spain, coming from the Latin-American countries, though properly it should include perhaps only natives of the West Indies.

=Por modesta que fuese=, however modest it might be. =Ya que no podía decirse=, since it could not be said. =Pasados algunos días=, some days having passed. =Ya no tuvo que empeñar=, he no longer had anything to pawn. =De posada en posada=, from inn to inn. =Como era de esperar=, as was to be expected. =En torno suyo=, around him. =Al observar=, on observing. =Tornó a salir=, he went out again.