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Updated: June 12, 2025
We see here, then, the means to which he resorts oxygen, and either coal-gas or water-gas , or pure hydrogen, for producing heat, and the blowpipe for the purpose of impelling the heated current upon the metals. I have two or three rough drawings here, representing the kind of furnaces which he employs. They are larger, however, than the actual furnaces he uses.
Coal-gas produced almost immediate insensibility, with a few feeble attempts at revival, but in no case effectual. Sulphuretted hydrogen also proved especially fatal an instant's immersion was sufficient to destroy life; though withdrawn at once, not one of the flies recovered. It was the same when the portion of gas diffused in the air of the tube was so minute as to be scarcely appreciable.
Some of the effects obtained with oxygen in coal-gas were strikingly beautiful. On observing this deportment the question immediately occurs to him, Can we not separate the oxygen of the atmosphere from its nitrogen by magnetic analysis? It is the perpetual occurrence of such questions that marks the great experimenter.
The Congreve rocket is said to have an Eastern origin, Sir William Congreve having observed its destructive effects when employed by the forces under Tippoo Saib in the Mahratta war, on which he adopted and improved the missile, and brought out the invention as his own. Coal-gas was regularly used by the Chinese for lighting purposes long before it was known amongst us.
The ship was then rolling heavily enough to make walking difficult on the oily floor of the engine-room; in the boiler-room, lower by three feet, to stand steady even for a moment was impossible. Here, in this badly lighted quarter of the ship, ill humor hung in the air thicker than the coal-gas. Dan Sullivan, partly sobered, fired his boiler, showing ugly readiness for a fight.
There are some in which a charge of oil is drawn by suction into a hot chamber in which it is converted into vapour and at the same time mixed with a small quantity of hot air; this rich mixture is then passed into the combustion chamber of the engine, in the same manner as coal-gas would be, where it is further diluted with more air drawn in through the air valve.
The principal properties of coal-gas are here related with remarkable minuteness and precision; and as the writer exhibited them to different members of the Royal Society, and showed that after keeping the gas sometime, it still retained its elasticity and inflammability, it is remarkable, that the philosophers of the time undertook no experiments with the view of applying it to useful purposes.
In the "Philosophical Transactions" for 1733, some properties of coal-gas are detailed in a paper called, "An Account of the Damp Air in a Coal-pit of Sir James Lowther, sunk within Twenty Yards of the Sea." This paper, as it contains some striking facts relating to the inflammability and other properties of coal-gas, is deserving of particular attention.
If you take a piece of wood, and partly burn it, and then blow it out, you have carbon left. There are things that do not shew carbon in this way. A candle does not shew it, but it contains carbon. Here also is a jar of coal-gas, which produces carbonic acid abundantly. You do not see the carbon, but we can soon shew it to you.
It is a matter for wonder that any green thing continues to exist in such places at all. The chief constituents of coal-gas are, therefore, briefly as follows: the last four being regarded as impurities, which are removed as far as possible in the manufacture. In the process of distillation of the coal, we have seen that various other important substances are brought into existence.
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