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Updated: May 3, 2025
We see therefore clearly that, although the earliest fire-made rocks may very likely date farther back than the earliest water-made rocks, yet the making of the two kinds has gone on side by side, one below and the other above ground, through all ages up to the present moment.
Fire does not always work suddenly, or water slowly; witness the slow rising and sinking of land in parts of the earth, continuing through centuries; and witness also the effects of great floods and storms. The crust of the earth is made of rock. But what is rock made of? Certain leading divisions of rocks have been already considered: The Water-made Rocks;
It is one of the water-made rocks, in which so many fossils have been found; while in the fire-rocks there are no remains of anything which ever lived. The water-rocks are so called because water has had so much to do with the making of them; for they have been very slowly formed by the gravel and grains of sand which have been washed down by streams and torrents, and left behind in their course.
The Fire-made Rocks, both Plutonic and Volcanic; The Water-and-Fire-made Rocks. The first of these Water-made Rocks may be subdivided into three classes. These are, I. Flint Rocks; II. Clay Rocks; III. Lime Rocks. This is not a book in which it would be wise to go closely into the mineral nature of rocks. Two or three leading thoughts may, however, be given.
That is to say, it was supposed that fire-action had come first and water-action second; that the fire-made rocks were all formed in very early ages, and that only water-made rocks still continued to be formed.
They are only a small part of the total thickness of aqueous deposit of stratified rock which amounts to 60,000 feet more before the earliest remains of life in the Cambrian beds are reached, whilst older than, and therefore below this, we have another 50,000 feet of water-made rock which yields no fossils no remains of living things, though living things were certainly there!
In all ages of the world's history up to the present day, rock-making has taken place fire-made rocks being fashioned underground, and water-made rocks being fashioned above ground though under water. Also in all ages different kinds of rocks have been fashioned side by side limestone in one part of the world, sandstone in another, chalk in another, clay in another, and so on.
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