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Updated: June 16, 2025
Commissioned by the senate, the tribune of the people, Marcus Livius Drusus, proposed to relieve those who received land under the laws of Gracchus from the rent imposed on them, and to declare their allotments to be free and alienable property; and, further, to provide for the proletariat not in transmarine, but in twelve Italian, colonies, each of three thousand colonists, for the planting of which the people might nominate suitable men; only Drusus himself declined in contrast with the family complexion of the Gracchan commission to take part in this honorable duty.
In the ordinary course of things, accordingly, the six fields of special jurisdiction the two judicial appointments in the capital and the four transmarine provinces were apportioned among the six praetors, while there devolved on the two consuls, by virtue of their general powers, the management of the non-judicial business of the capital and the military command in the continental possessions.
Formerly the small farmer had been ruined by advances of money, which practically reduced him to be the steward of his creditor; now he was crushed by the competition of transmarine, and especially of slave-grown, corn.
The nature of the case implied that, the more transmarine traffic extended, gold the more decidedly rose from the second place to the first; and that it did so, is confirmed by the statements as to the balances in the treasury and as to its transactions; but the government was not thereby induced to introduce gold into the coinage.
They were the first steps towards the formation of a national Italian writing, and at the same time evidences of the liveliness of that earlier inland intercourse among the Italians which preceded their transmarine commerce. Which of the Italian stocks invented, and which of them borrowed, these signs, can of course no longer be ascertained.
But the contingency was distant, and, even if it arose, the government might employ his skill while keeping him in a subordinate position. The career of Marius is not the only proof that the tradition of successful opposition to the senate could be easily revived. In the year following his tribunate a new and successful effort was made in the direction of transmarine colonisation.
Still it was in a high degree inconvenient. The times had gone by, when they without hesitation carried on simultaneously an Italian and a transmarine war, the state-chest was already after two years of warfare utterly exhausted, and the formation of a new army in addition to that already in the field seemed scarcely practicable. But they resorted to such expedients as they could.
According to the previous arrangement the only legal distinction in the empire was that drawn between the city which was surrounded by the ring-wall, and the country beyond the -pomerium-; the new arrangement substituted for the city the new Italy henceforth, as in perpetual peace, withdrawn from the regular -imperium-, and placed in contrast to it the continental and transmarine territories, which were, on the other hand, necessarily placed under military commandants the provinces as they were henceforth called.
The ranks of the existing proletariate were thinned on the one hand by the tribunals which were instructed to proceed with unrelenting rigour against the rabble, on the other hand by a comprehensive transmarine colonization; of the 80,000 colonists whom Caesar sent beyond the seas in the few years of his government, a very great portion must have been taken from the lower ranks of the population of the capital; most of the Corinthian settlers indeed were freedmen.
IV. III. Democratic Agitation under Carbo and Flaccus III. XII. Results. Competition of Transmarine Corn III. XII. Prices of Italian Corn III. XI. Reform of the Centuries IV. III. The Commission for Distributing the Domains III. VII. The Romans Maintain A Standing Army in Spain That Gracchus reduced the number of the legal years of service, seems to follow from Asconius in Cornel, p. 68; comp.
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