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Updated: May 5, 2025
In Germany, as Emser complains, there was already 'such quarrelling, noise, and uproar, that not a district, town, village, or house was free from partisans, and one man was against another. Aleander wrote to Rome saying that everywhere exasperation and excitement prevailed, and the Papal bull was laughed at.
In the letter we again trace the delusion that Aleander persecutes him, sets on opponents against him, and even lays snares for his friends. Did his mind at last give way too? On 12 July the end came. The friends around his couch heard him groan incessantly: 'O Jesu, misericordia; Domine libera me; Domine miserere mei! And at last in Dutch: 'Lieve God.
How it must have vexed Erasmus that in Italy of all countries he was, at the same time and in one breath, charged with heresy and questioned in respect to his knowledge and integrity as a scholar. Italians accused him of plagiarism and trickery. He complained of it to Aleander, who, he thought, had a hand in it.
But when he was yet an unknown man of letters, in his Parisian years, we continually find traces in him of a mistrust of the people about him that can only be regarded as a morbid feeling. During the last period of his life this feeling attaches especially to two enemies, Eppendorf and Aleander. Eppendorf employs spies everywhere who watch Erasmus's correspondence with his friends.
Beginning of the relations between Erasmus and Luther Archbishop Albert of Mayence, 1517 Progress of the Reformation Luther tries to bring about a rapprochement with Erasmus, March 1519 Erasmus keeps aloof; fancies he may yet act as a conciliator His attitude becomes ambiguous He denies ever more emphatically all relations with Luther and resolves to remain a spectator He is pressed by either camp to take sides Aleander in the Netherlands The Diet of Worms, 1521 Erasmus leaves Louvain to safeguard his freedom, October 1521
It was these very Councils about which Eck purposely called on Luther for a declaration; and Luther's words on this point might well have been considered by the Elector as 'too bold. Aleander, who had used such efforts to prevent Luther's being heard, was now well satisfied with the result. But Luther remained faithful to himself.
There was now nothing for the emperor to do but to outlaw Luther, who had denied the binding character of the commands of the head of the Church and of the highest Christian tribunal, a general council. His argument that the Scriptures sustained him in his revolt could not be considered by the diet. Aleander was accordingly assigned the agreeable duty of drafting the famous Edict of Worms.
As to what proceedings should be taken against him, if he came, long, wavering, and anxious negotiations now took place between the Emperor, the Estates, and the legate Aleander, at Worms, where the Estates assembled in January, and the Diet was opened on the 28th. A Papal brief demanded the Emperor to enforce the bull, by which Luther was now definitely condemned, by an imperial edict.
The fiery Humanist wrote to Aleander himself, saying that he would leave no stone unturned "till thou who earnest hither full of wrath, madness, crime, and treachery shalt be carried hence a lifeless corpse." Aleander naturally felt exceedingly uncomfortable, and other supporters of the Papal party were not less disturbed at the threats which seemed in a fair way of being carried out.
From the vast proceeds of the confiscation the state might be strengthened and an army of knights might be maintained for the defense of the empire. Public opinion appeared ready for a revolution. "I am pretty familiar with the history of this German nation," Leo's representative, Aleander, remarked; "I know their past heresies, councils, and schisms, but never were affairs so serious before.
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