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Updated: May 8, 2025
What values are there of more universal validity than the rational or mathematical value and the volitional or teleological value of the Universe in conflict with one another? For Windelband, as for Kantians and neo-Kantians in general, there are only three normative categories, three universal norms those of the true or the false, the beautiful or the ugly, and the morally good or evil.
Writers such as the late Class and Dilthey, Siebeck, Windelband, Münsterberg, Rickert, Volkelt, Troeltsch naming but a small number of the idealistic thinkers of the present are tending in the direction of the new Metaphysic presented by Eucken in the book already referred to as well as in the Kampf um einen geistigen Lebensinhalt.
"Whosoever throws upon philosophy," wrote Windelband, "the burden of deciding the question of optimism and pessimism, whosoever demands that philosophy should pronounce judgement on the question as to whether the world is more adapted to produce pain than pleasure, or vice versa such a one, if his attitude is not merely that of a dilettante, sets himself the fantastic task of finding an absolute determination in a region in which no reasonable man has ever looked for one."
Liebmann's successors, especially Windelband, Rickert, Münsterberg, Adickes, and Vaihinger, work on similar lines. And there is a great deal in Eucken's teaching which tends in the same direction. But he goes a step further than all the neo-Kantians. We have already noticed how he gives judgments of value and spiritual norms a cosmic significance.
Windelband, has therefore argued that as experience, strengthened by hereditary transmission, continued to show that the particular combinations which are in accord with what we call the laws of thought furnished the best, that is, the most useful results, they were adopted in preference to others and finally assumed as the criteria of truth.
VIII. S. 165 sqq. Boole, An Investigation of the Laws of Thought, p. 407. In organic life we have the fact of nutrition, a function whose duty is to supply waste, and hence offer direct opposition to perturbing forces. Boole, The Laws of Thought, p. 419. Trans. I. s. 291. Boole in the appendix to The Laws of Thought, and by Dr. Windelband, Zeitschrift für Voelkerpsychologie, Bd. VIII., s. 165 sqq.
J. S. Mill expresses himself thus: “My opinion of this doctrine is, that it is beyond all others which now engage speculative minds, the decisive one between moral good and evil for the Christian world.” Examination of Hamilton’s Philosophy, p. 90. I., p. 690. W. Windelband, Die Erkenntnissiehre unter dem voelkerpsychologischem Gesichtspunkte, in the Zeitschrift für Völkerpsychologie, 1874, Bd.
Professor Windelband, in his History of Philosophy and elsewhere, describes Eucken as the creator of a new Metaphysic a metaphysic not of the Schools but of Life. This aspect will be discussed at fuller length in later pages, so that it may be passed over for the present. Eucken believes in the reality and necessity of his message.
The history of science in the sixteenth century shows that the dawning sciences of physical nature largely borrowed their points of departure from the new interest in Greek literature. As Windelband has said, the new science of nature was the daughter of humanism. The favorite notion of the time was that man was in microcosm that which the universe was in macrocosm.
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