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Updated: May 5, 2025
Nothing very strange or unlike what is now living is found in the Pleistocene the latest deposits but when we go further back strange creatures are discovered, becoming stranger and less like living things as we pass through Pliocene to Miocene, and on downwards in layers, backwards in time to the Eocene.
As on the land, so in the waters of the sea, a slow southern migration of a marine fauna, which, during the Pliocene or even a somewhat earlier period, was nearly uniform along the continuous shores of the Polar Circle, will account, on the theory of modification, for many closely allied forms now living in marine areas completely sundered.
|Quaternary |Recent Cenozoic | |Pleistocene | |Tertiary |Pliocene |Miocene |Eocene |Cretaceous Mesozoic |Jurassic |Triassic |Permian |Carboniferous |Pennsylvanian | |Mississippian Paleozoic |Devonian |Silurian |Ordovician |Cambrian Algonkian Archean
Karl Meyer, in Hartung's "Madeira;" but in the collection made by myself, and in a still larger one formed by Mr. J. Yate Johnson, several remarkable forms not in Meyer's list occur, as, for example, Pholadomya, and a large Terebra. Mr. Mr. The huge Strombus of San Vicente and Porto Santo, S. Italicus, is an extinct shell of the Sub-apennine or Older Pliocene formations.
The level country lying between the Darling hills and the sea is of a much more recent formation; but has not been sufficiently examined to determine its age precisely, though I imagine it will be found to belong to the pliocene tertiary formations.
These facts seem to render it absolutely certain that there has been at some former period a connection between all these islands and the mainland, and the fact that most of the animals common to two or more of then, show little or no variation, but are often absolutely identical, indicates that the separation must have been recent in a geological sense; that is, not earlier than the Newer Pliocene epoch, at which time land animals began to assimilate closely with those now existing.
Lower Eocene Foetal: 6th month, that of a ruminant; Miocene Foetal: 7th month, that of a digitigrade animal; Miocene Miocene Pliocene Pliocene Scale: VERTEBRATA Mammalia: 57 Cheiroptera Rocks: 11. Pliocene Pliocene Foetal: 8th month, that of the quadrumana; Superficial deposits Foetal: 9th month, attains full human character;
Of course, we have no direct evidence as to the modes of life of the first man-like beings. We are not yet settled even as to the time of their first appearance, geologists being inclined at present to see their traces in the pliocene, or even the miocene, deposits of the Tertiary period. But we have the indirect method which permits us to throw some light even upon that remote antiquity.
The pliocene mammals are like the existing ones, because such was the plan of creation; and we find rudimental organs and similarity of plan, because it has pleased the Creator to set before Himself a "divine exemplar or archetype," and to copy it in His works; and somewhat ill, those who hold this view imply, in some of them.
With these a salamander, scarcely distinguishable from the recent species, has been found, and the remains of many insects. The extinct volcanoes of Auvergne and Cantal, in central France, seem to have commenced their eruptions in the Lower Miocene period, but to have been most active during the Upper Miocene and Pliocene eras.
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