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Updated: May 15, 2025
Besides the great portal, the only buildings as yet discovered on this lower platform, are a suite of not very extensive apartments. They are remarkable for their ornamentation. The former kind of ornamentation is found also in Lower Chaldaea, and has been already represented; the latter is peculiar to this building.
There may be some ultimate connection with some of the signs of the zodiac, so Hommel believes, but such connection would have to be judged from the earlier forms that animism takes on, and not in the light of an advanced theology such as appears in the zodiacal system of the Babylonians. See Perrot and Chiplez, History of Art in Chaldaea and Assyria, I. 351. The element ki is sometimes omitted.
The line thus formed is marked and invariable; it constitutes the only natural division between the upper and lower portions of the valley; and both probability and history point to it as the actual boundary between Chaldaea and her northern neighbor. The extent of ancient Chaldaea is, even after we have fixed its boundaries, a question of some difficulty.
In Chaldaea, however, it was increased sometimes from suckers or offshoots thrown up from the stem of the old tree; at other times by a species of cutting, the entire head being struck off with about three feet of stem, notched, and then planted in moist ground. Several varieties of the tree were cultivated; but one was esteemed above all the rest, both for the size and flavor of the fruit.
The star which looked upon a child at the hour of his birth was called the "horoscopus," and the peculiar influence of each planet was determined by the astrologers. The superstitions of Egypt and Chaldaea unfortunately spread among both the Greeks and Romans, and these were about all that the Western nations learned from the boastful priests of occult Oriental science.
No settled population can at any time have found subsistence in this region, which produces only a few dates, and in places a poor and unsucculent herbage. Sandstorms are frequent, and at times the baleful simoon sweeps across the entire tract, destroying with its pestilential breath both men and animals. Towards the north Chaldaea adjoined upon Assyria.
The word is explained by a gloss, 'Shamash has made him great. I.e., the month in which one dies. See p. 175. See pp. 505, 506. Vorstellungen, p. 81. Psalms, vi. 6. See also Perrot and Chiplez, History of Art in Chaldaea and Assyria, I. 349 seq. Described by Schell in the Recucil de Travaux, etc., xx. nos. 1 and 2. Schell regards the Zurghul duplicate as older than the other.
Capable of maintaining with ease a dense population, it was likely, in the early times, to be a powerful rival to the Mesopotamian kingdom, over which we shall find that in fact it sometimes exercised supremacy. On the south Chaldaea had no neighbor.
While ancient tombs are of very rare occurrence in Assyria and Upper Babylonia, Chaldaea Proper abounds with them.
It is obvious that the only natural divisions of Chaldaea a proper are those made by the river-courses. The principal tract must always have been that which intervenes between the two streams. This was anciently a district some 300 miles in length, varying from 20 to 100 miles in breadth, and perhaps averaging 50 miles, which must thus have contained an area of about 15,000 square miles.
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