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Dupre has stated that emotional shock may act as a possible exciting cause of tics, as at times of obsessions. Meige and Feindel have asserted that fear may excite a movement of defense, and although the exciting cause has vanished, this movement may continue to persist as a tic.
To put Clark's idea in a nut-shell, it may be said that he believes that the primary purpose of tics is not that of a protective, defense mechanism against unpleasant situations in life but that of obtaining really pleasurable gratifications to the psyche, these autopleasurable acts being based on inherent defects and having a sexual significance in the sense in which sexuality is conceived by Freud.
They live more or less close to the borderline of insanity as persons who have spells, eccentricities and peculiarities, hysteria, tics or just "nervousness." About two-thirds of mental deficiency is definitely inherited, about one-third acquired.
The object of tic is some imaginary end, the influence of the will always being present in the beginning, although later it may be absent. Insufficiency of inhibition is the cause of the beginning and of the persistence of bad habits and of tics.
The original ideas which led to the movements vanish while the movements survive. In the insane various sorts of delusions may be the groundwork on which a tic may later develop. Automatic habits and mannerisms or stereotyped acts are of course not tics but the latter are but caricatures of the former with an added characteristic mental state.
However, since this leads us to a reductio ad absurdum, we must, of course, reject the explanation which has been offered by the Freudian school. We can stop doing the latter when our attention is directed to them; not so in tics Meige and Feindel have discussed these and other differences.
In children these motor residua may persist as characteristic features of inflection, accent, or manners; automatisms may become morbid in stammering or stuttering, or they may be seen in gait, handwriting, tics or tweaks, etc.
In brief it should be said that no matter how refined and how highly cultured we are, we still fear and react to emotions "in the same terms of the same old gross organs and functions as do the brutes." Loc. cit., p. 197. As I have stated in a previous paper, the pathogenesis of tics and allied conditions can best be appreciated by viewing the subject from an evolutionary standpoint.
Just when we had got within about two hundred yards, and I was congratulating myself that I had not had this long crawl with the sun beating on the back of my neck like a furnace for nothing, I heard the hissing note of the rhinoceros birds, and up flew four or five of them from the brute's back, where they had been comfortably employed in catching tics.
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