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His lead was subsequently followed up by Brissaud, and by the latter's pupils Meige and Feindel, the latter two authors giving us a comprehensive discussion of the subject in their well-known classic. More recently the Freudian school has attempted to dig down into the roots of the tree which ultimately sends forth its branches in the guise of tics. Tics and their treatment.
Bresler has called attention to the fact that the movements are in the nature of defensive and protective movements of expression and mimicry and originally in reaction to some external irritant or as the result of some idea, and he proposed the name "mimische Krampfneurose" for them. This is somewhat allied to Breuer and Freud's theory of hysteria. Quoted by Meige and Feindel, Loc. cit., p. 267.
Brissaud and Meige describe the case of a male of forty-seven who presented nothing unusual before the age of sixteen, when he began to grow larger, until, having reached his majority, he measured 7 feet 2 inches in height and weighed about 340 pounds.
However, since this leads us to a reductio ad absurdum, we must, of course, reject the explanation which has been offered by the Freudian school. We can stop doing the latter when our attention is directed to them; not so in tics Meige and Feindel have discussed these and other differences.
Scattered references to emotional shock acting as a possible exciting cause of tics, as at times of obsessions, can be found in the literature. Dupre has made such reference. Meige and. Feindel themselves make the statement that "Fear may elicit a movement of defense, to persist as a tic after the exciting cause has vanished."
English translation by S. A. K. Wilson. New York, 1907. This book contains an extended bibliography. The usual conception of tics, as laid down by Brissaud, Meige and Feindel, may be stated as follows: Tic movements are physiological acts which were originally functional and purposeful in character, but which have become habits, apparently purposeless and meaningless.
One should note that Meige and Feindel were, in a way, on the threshold of this theory when they said that tic, like the other psychoneuroses, is due to some congenital anomaly, an arrest or defect in the development of cortical or subcortical association paths unrecognized teratological malformations.
It may be mentioned here that Brissaud and Meige noticed the same loss in height, only more pronounced, in a case of gigantism, the loss being more than 15 inches. In Starr's case the tongue was normal and there was no swelling of the thyroid.
Among those who have contributed most to this subject may be mentioned Magnan and his pupils, especially Saury and Legrain, Gilles de la Tourette, Letulle, Guinon Noir, Pitres, Cruchet, Grasset, Trousseau, Charcot, Brissaud Meige and Feindel.
Dupre has stated that emotional shock may act as a possible exciting cause of tics, as at times of obsessions. Meige and Feindel have asserted that fear may excite a movement of defense, and although the exciting cause has vanished, this movement may continue to persist as a tic.
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