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Updated: June 15, 2025
We thus have a case of mutual dislike between the quagga and the dauw which cannot be explained by competition for food. The fact that the quagga lives together with ruminants feeding on the same grass as itself excludes that hypothesis, and we must look for some incompatibility of character, as in the case of the hare and the rabbit.
Nearly all have horns or antlers, at least in one sex. Most split-hoofed animals are ruminants, but there is a small remnant, probably of early types, which are not. Non-ruminants Hippopotamus, Swine, Peccaries. Ruminants Camels, Llamas, Chevrotains, Giraffe, Antelopes, Sheep, Goats, Musk-ox, Oxen, Deer. The non-ruminant artiodactyls need not detain us long.
So we may say that animals, in an anatomical sense nearly related to the horse, have those parts which are rudimentary in him fully developed. Again, the sheep and the cow have no cutting-teeth, but only a hard pad in the upper jaw. That is the common characteristic of ruminants in general.
We all know how complex is the digestive apparatus of the herbivorous animal, of which the four stomachs of the ruminants are an instance, and how large is the bulk of food in proportion to his size which the elephant requires, compared with that which suffices for the lion or the tiger.
I talked to you before about the ruminants, those food-manufacturers who are employed in cooking victuals for the stomach, and in disengaging albumen from the coarse materials among which it is apparently lost, so as to give it out again in a more acceptable form.
Feeding a ration that meets the needs of the system, clean quarters and plenty of exercise are the most important preventive lines of treatment. It is usually advisable to remove the affected animals from the herd or flock in order to prevent others from imitating them. There is a remarkable difference in the development of the stomachs of solipeds and ruminants.
In the main a race of hunters, they had nevertheless, at the time of the discovery of the Americas, attained a remarkable degree of civilization in some localities. They had domesticated ruminants, and not only practised agriculture, but had learned the value of irrigation. They manufactured textile fabrics, were masters of the potter's art, and knew how to erect massive buildings of stone.
Very few male quadrupeds possess weapons of two distinct kinds specially adapted for fighting with rival males. But we may infer from what follows that one form of weapon has often been replaced in the course of ages by another. With ruminants the development of horns generally stands in an inverse relation with that of even moderately developed canine teeth.
With these are associated a monkey, allied to the Semnopithecus entellus, now living in the Himalaya, and many ruminants. Among these last, besides the giraffe, camel, antelope, stag, and others, we find a remarkable new type, the Sivatherium, like a gigantic four-horned deer.
The unfortunate hawk was quite powerless. Brehm, iv. 671 seq. R. Lendenfeld, in Der zoologische Garten, 1889. Migrations of birds. Breeding associations. Autumn societies. Mammals: small number of unsociable species. Hunting associations of wolves, lions, etc. Societies of rodents; of ruminants; of monkeys. Mutual Aid in the struggle for life.
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