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Updated: May 23, 2025
Gault: 0. Wealden: 0. Upper Purbeck Oolite : 0. Middle Purbeck Oolite : 14 Swanage. Lower Purbeck Oolite: 0. Portland Oolite: 0. Kimmeridge Clay: 0. Coral Rag: 0. Oxford Clay: 0. Great Oolite: 4 Stonesfield. Inferior Oolite: 0. Lias: 0. Upper Trias: 4 Wurtemberg, Somersetshire. N. Carolina. Middle Trias: 0. Lower Trias: 0. Permian: 0. Carboniferous : 0. Devonian: 0. Silurian: 0. Cambrian: 0.
As these are many millions of years removed from each other and from the Carboniferous, it is possible that they represent earlier periods more or less corresponding to the Permian. But the early chronicle is so compressed and so imperfectly studied as yet that it is premature to discuss the point.
Critical geologists may suggest that the temperature of the Coal-forest has been exaggerated, and the temperature of the Permian put too low. We are not concerned with the dispute.
During that vast period there is no evidence whatever that the earth was divided into climatic zones, or that the year was divided into seasons. To such an earth was the prolific life of the Coal-forest adapted. It is, further, not questioned that the temperature of the earth fell in the latter part of the Carboniferous age, and that the cold reached its climax in the Permian.
The great order of Reptiles made its advent in the Permian, culminated in the Triassic and Jurassic, and began to decline in the Cretaceous. The advance from the amphibian to the reptile was a long forward step in the evolution of the vertebrates. In the reptile the vertebrate skeleton now became completely ossified. Gills were abandoned and breathing was by lungs alone.
Let upheaval of the whole now take place, in such a manner as to bring the emerging land into continuity with the South-American or Australian continent, and, in course of time, it would be peopled by an extension of the fauna of one of these two regions just as I imagine the European Permian dry land to have been peopled.
He described the geological structure of the lands through which we had passed as follows: The pantanals were of Pleistocene age. Along the upper Sepotuba, in the region of the rapids, there were sandstones, shales, and clays of Permian age. The rolling country east of this contained eruptive rocks a porphyritic disbase, with zeolite, quartz, and agate of Triassic age.
Fractured bones and teeth of saurians which are truly of contemporaneous origin are dispersed through some parts of the breccia, and two of these reptiles called Thecodont saurians, named from the manner in which the teeth were implanted in the jawbone, obtained great celebrity because the patches of red conglomerate in which they were found, near Bristol, were originally supposed to be of Permian or Palaeozoic age, and therefore the only representatives in England of vertebrate animals of so high a grade in rocks of such antiquity.
Much is expected in future from the large coal-field of the Wardha and Chanda districts, in the Central Provinces, the coal of which may eventually prove to be of Permian age. The coal-deposits of China are undoubtedly of tremendous extent, although from want of exploration it is difficult to form any satisfactory estimate of them.
Then comes the Permian period, named, again, from local circumstances, the first investigation of its deposits having taken place in the province of Permia, in Russia. Upon these follow the so-called Tertiary formations, divided into three periods, all of which have received most characteristic names.
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